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arXiv:1910.02156 · Physical Review A

Continuous comagnetometry using transversely polarized Xe isotopes

Daniel Thrasher, Susan Sorensen, J. Weber, Michael Bulatowicz, Anna Korver, M. Larsen, Thad G Walker

Published Dec 9, 2019• 40 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We demonstrate a transversely polarized spin-exchange pumped noble gas comagnetometer which suppresses systematic errors from longitudinal polarization. Rb atoms as well as $^{131}\mathrm{Xe}$ and $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ nuclei are simultaneously polarized perpendicular to a pulsed bias field. Both Xe isotopes' nuclear magnetic resonance conditions are simultaneously satisfied by frequency modulation of the pulse repetition rate. The Rb atoms detect the Xe precession. We highlight the importance of magnetometer phase shifts when performing comagnetometry. For detection of nonmagnetic spin-dependent interactions the sensing bandwidth is 1 Hz, the white-noise level is $7\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{Hz}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$, and the bias instability is $\ensuremath{\sim}1$ $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{Hz}$.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.100.061403

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•Jan 1, 2015•0 citations
We demonstrate a transversely polarized spin-exchange pumped noble gas comagnetometer which suppresses systematic errors from longitudinal polarization. Rb atoms as well as 131Xe^{131}\mathrm{Xe}131Xe and 129Xe^{129}\mathrm{Xe}129Xe nuclei are simultaneously polarized perpendicular to a pulsed bias field. Both Xe isotopes' nuclear magnetic resonance conditions are simultaneously satisfied by frequency modulation of the pulse repetition rate. The Rb atoms detect the Xe precession. We highlight the importance of magnetometer phase shifts when performing comagnetometry. For detection of nonmagnetic spin-dependent interactions the sensing bandwidth is 1 Hz, the white-noise level is 7\ensuremathμHz/Hz7\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{Hz}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}7\ensuremathμHz/Hz​, and the bias instability is \ensuremath∼1\ensuremath{\sim}1\ensuremath∼1 \ensuremathμHz\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{Hz}\ensuremathμHz.
We demonstrate a novel quantum sensor for measuring non-magnetic spin-dependent interactions. This sensor utilizes 131^{131}131Xe, 129^{129}129Xe, and 85^{85}85Rb which are continuously polarized transverse to a pulsed bias field. The transverse geometry of this spin-exchange pumped comagnetometer suppresses longitudinal polarization, which is an important source of systematic error. Simultaneous excitation of both Xe isotopes is accomplished by frequency modulating the repetition rate of the bias field pulses at subharmonics of the Xe Larmor resonance frequencies. The area of each bias pulse causes 2π2π2π Larmor precession of the Rb. We present continuous dual-species Xe excitation and discuss a temperature-dependent wall interaction that limits the 129^{129}129Xe polarization. The Rb atoms serve as an embedded magnetometer for detection of the Xe precession. We discuss Rb magnetometer phase shifts, and show that even first-order treatments of these phase shifts can result in order-of-magnitude improvements in the achieved field suppression when performing comagnetometry. The sensing bandwidth of the presented device is 1 Hz, and we demonstrate a white-noise level of 7 μμμHz/Hz\sqrt{\text{Hz}}Hz​ and a bias instability of ∼1\sim1∼1 μμμHz.
We present in this paper a Herriott-cavity-assisted closed-loop Xe isotope gas comagnetometer. In this system, 129Xe^{129}\mathrm{Xe}129Xe and 131Xe^{131}\mathrm{Xe}131Xe atoms are pumped and probed by polarized Rb atoms and continuously driven by oscillating magnetic fields, whose frequencies are kept on resonance by phase-locked loops. Different from other schemes, we use a Herriott cavity to improve the Rb magnetometer sensitivity instead of the parametric modulation method, and this passive method is designed to improve the system stability while maintaining the sensitivity. This system has demonstrated an angle random walk of $0.06{}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}/{\mathrm{h}}^{1/2}$ and a bias instability of $0.2{}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$/h (0.15 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{Hz}$) with a bandwidth of 1.5 Hz. By adding a closed-loop Rb isotope comagnetometer, we can extend this system to dual simultaneously working comagnetometers sharing the same cell. This extended system has wide applications in precision measurements, where we can simultaneously and independently measure the coupling of anomalous fields with proton spin and neutron spin.
We demonstrate a new approach to precision NMR with hyperpolarized gases designed to mitigate NMR shifts due to the alkali spin-exchange field. The NMR bias field is implemented as a sequence of alkali (Rb) 2π pulses, allowing the Rb polarization to be optically pumped transverse to the bias field. When the Rb polarization is modulated at the noble-gas (Xe) NMR resonance, spin-exchange collisions buildup a precessing transverse Xe polarization. We study and mitigate novel NMR broadening effects due to the oscillating spin-exchange field. Spin-exchange frequency shifts are suppressed 2500×, and Rb magnetometer gain measurements project photon shot-noise limited NMR frequency uncertainties below 10 nHz/sqrt[Hz].
We describe a ^{3}He-^{129}Xe comagnetometer using ^{87}Rb atoms for noble-gas spin polarization and detection. We use a train of ^{87}Rb π pulses and σ^{+}/σ^{-} optical pumping to realize a finite-field Rb magnetometer with suppression of spin-exchange relaxation. We suppress frequency shifts from polarized Rb by measuring the ^{3}He and ^{129}Xe spin precession frequencies in the dark, while applying π pulses along two directions to depolarize Rb atoms. The plane of the π pulses is rotated to suppress the Bloch-Siegert shifts for the nuclear spins. We measure the ratio of ^{3}He to ^{129}Xe spin precession frequencies with sufficient absolute accuracy to resolve Earth's rotation without changing the orientation of the comagnetometer. A frequency resolution of 7 nHz is achieved after integration for 8 h without evidence of significant drift.
We describe a 3 He- 129 Xe comagnetometer using 87 Rb atoms for noble-gas spin polarization and detection.We use a train of 87 Rb π pulses and σ þ =σ -optical pumping to realize a finite-field Rb magnetometer with suppression of spin-exchange relaxation.We suppress frequency shifts from polarized Rb by measuring the 3 He and 129 Xe spin precession frequencies in the dark, while applying π pulses along two directions to depolarize Rb atoms.The plane of the π pulses is rotated to suppress the Bloch-Siegert shifts for the nuclear spins.We measure the ratio of 3 He to 129 Xe spin precession frequencies with sufficient absolute accuracy to resolve Earth's rotation without changing the orientation of the comagnetometer.A frequency resolution of 7 nHz is achieved after integration for 8 h without evidence of significant drift.
employed a Ramsey scheme with Rb used for intial spin polarization and for detection of only the initial and final phases of the two noble gas species that precess “in-the-dark.” Our current scheme attempts a continuous detection of the noble gas nuclei, which we’ve shown to increase shot-to-shot SNR over the pulsed scheme. Our technique mitigates the large difference of Fermi-contact shifts on the precession frequencies of the noble gases due to polarized Rb by making the average Rb polarization zero with respect to the noble gases. This averaging is accomplished by applying Rb pulses and simultaneously pumping with += light with a fast repetition rate. The 3 He- 129 Xe co-magnetometer has many potential applications for precision measurements, including nuclear spin gyroscopes and searches for spingravity coupling.