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arXiv:1912.04991

Dual-Species Synchronous Spin-Exchange Optical Pumping

Daniel Thrasher, Susan Sorensen, Thad G Walker

Published Dec 10, 2019• 1 citation
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Abstract

We demonstrate a novel quantum sensor for measuring non-magnetic spin-dependent interactions. This sensor utilizes $^{131}$Xe, $^{129}$Xe, and $^{85}$Rb which are continuously polarized transverse to a pulsed bias field. The transverse geometry of this spin-exchange pumped comagnetometer suppresses longitudinal polarization, which is an important source of systematic error. Simultaneous excitation of both Xe isotopes is accomplished by frequency modulating the repetition rate of the bias field pulses at subharmonics of the Xe Larmor resonance frequencies. The area of each bias pulse causes $2π$ Larmor precession of the Rb. We present continuous dual-species Xe excitation and discuss a temperature-dependent wall interaction that limits the $^{129}$Xe polarization. The Rb atoms serve as an embedded magnetometer for detection of the Xe precession. We discuss Rb magnetometer phase shifts, and show that even first-order treatments of these phase shifts can result in order-of-magnitude improvements in the achieved field suppression when performing comagnetometry. The sensing bandwidth of the presented device is 1 Hz, and we demonstrate a white-noise level of 7 $μ$Hz/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ and a bias instability of $\sim1$ $μ$Hz.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1912.04991

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We demonstrate a novel quantum sensor for measuring non-magnetic spin-dependent interactions. This sensor utilizes 131^{131}131Xe, 129^{129}129Xe, and 85^{85}85Rb which are continuously polarized transverse to a pulsed bias field. The transverse geometry of this spin-exchange pumped comagnetometer suppresses longitudinal polarization, which is an important source of systematic error. Simultaneous excitation of both Xe isotopes is accomplished by frequency modulating the repetition rate of the bias field pulses at subharmonics of the Xe Larmor resonance frequencies. The area of each bias pulse causes 2π2π2π Larmor precession of the Rb. We present continuous dual-species Xe excitation and discuss a temperature-dependent wall interaction that limits the 129^{129}129Xe polarization. The Rb atoms serve as an embedded magnetometer for detection of the Xe precession. We discuss Rb magnetometer phase shifts, and show that even first-order treatments of these phase shifts can result in order-of-magnitude improvements in the achieved field suppression when performing comagnetometry. The sensing bandwidth of the presented device is 1 Hz, and we demonstrate a white-noise level of 7 μμμHz/Hz\sqrt{\text{Hz}}Hz​ and a bias instability of ∼1\sim1∼1 μμμHz.
We demonstrate a transversely polarized spin-exchange pumped noble gas comagnetometer which suppresses systematic errors from longitudinal polarization. Rb atoms as well as 131Xe^{131}\mathrm{Xe}131Xe and 129Xe^{129}\mathrm{Xe}129Xe nuclei are simultaneously polarized perpendicular to a pulsed bias field. Both Xe isotopes' nuclear magnetic resonance conditions are simultaneously satisfied by frequency modulation of the pulse repetition rate. The Rb atoms detect the Xe precession. We highlight the importance of magnetometer phase shifts when performing comagnetometry. For detection of nonmagnetic spin-dependent interactions the sensing bandwidth is 1 Hz, the white-noise level is $7\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{Hz}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$, and the bias instability is $\ensuremath{\sim}1$ $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{Hz}$.
We demonstrate a new approach to precision NMR with hyperpolarized gases designed to mitigate NMR shifts due to the alkali spin-exchange field. The NMR bias field is implemented as a sequence of alkali (Rb) 2π pulses, allowing the Rb polarization to be optically pumped transverse to the bias field. When the Rb polarization is modulated at the noble-gas (Xe) NMR resonance, spin-exchange collisions buildup a precessing transverse Xe polarization. We study and mitigate novel NMR broadening effects due to the oscillating spin-exchange field. Spin-exchange frequency shifts are suppressed 2500×, and Rb magnetometer gain measurements project photon shot-noise limited NMR frequency uncertainties below 10 nHz/sqrt[Hz].
We present in this paper a Herriott-cavity-assisted closed-loop Xe isotope gas comagnetometer. In this system, 129Xe^{129}\mathrm{Xe}129Xe and 131Xe^{131}\mathrm{Xe}131Xe atoms are pumped and probed by polarized Rb atoms and continuously driven by oscillating magnetic fields, whose frequencies are kept on resonance by phase-locked loops. Different from other schemes, we use a Herriott cavity to improve the Rb magnetometer sensitivity instead of the parametric modulation method, and this passive method is designed to improve the system stability while maintaining the sensitivity. This system has demonstrated an angle random walk of $0.06{}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}/{\mathrm{h}}^{1/2}$ and a bias instability of $0.2{}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$/h (0.15 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{Hz}$) with a bandwidth of 1.5 Hz. By adding a closed-loop Rb isotope comagnetometer, we can extend this system to dual simultaneously working comagnetometers sharing the same cell. This extended system has wide applications in precision measurements, where we can simultaneously and independently measure the coupling of anomalous fields with proton spin and neutron spin.
We describe a ^{3}He-^{129}Xe comagnetometer using ^{87}Rb atoms for noble-gas spin polarization and detection. We use a train of ^{87}Rb π pulses and σ^{+}/σ^{-} optical pumping to realize a finite-field Rb magnetometer with suppression of spin-exchange relaxation. We suppress frequency shifts from polarized Rb by measuring the ^{3}He and ^{129}Xe spin precession frequencies in the dark, while applying π pulses along two directions to depolarize Rb atoms. The plane of the π pulses is rotated to suppress the Bloch-Siegert shifts for the nuclear spins. We measure the ratio of ^{3}He to ^{129}Xe spin precession frequencies with sufficient absolute accuracy to resolve Earth's rotation without changing the orientation of the comagnetometer. A frequency resolution of 7 nHz is achieved after integration for 8 h without evidence of significant drift.
Abstract Quantum sensing has demonstrated exceptional potential in magnetic field and inertial rotation measurements due to its ultra-high sensitivity. Among various implementations, the spin-exchange relaxation-free comagnetometer, as atomic spin sensor, exhibits remarkable sensitivity and strong potential for miniaturization and integration. However, the low-frequency performance of such comagnetometers is fundamentally limited by intrinsic noise due to the coupling between magnetic field ( B ) and inertial rotation signals ( Ω ). In this paper, a novel dual spin-polarization detection scheme for a hybrid-pumping comagnetometer is proposed. By introducing simultaneous detection of two electron spin polarizations combined with longitudinal magnetic field modulation and demodulation, our approach enables decoupling and synchronous measurement of B and Ω . The proposed scheme is experimentally validated on a K–Rb- 21 Ne comagnetometer platform. Experimental results show that the two electron species demonstrate inconsistent behaviors in the self-compensation effect, with their respective self-compensation points occurring at different operating conditions. Finally, by individually calibrating the dual spin-polarization detection outputs, real-time in situ measurements of dual-axis magnetic fields and inertial rotation are achieved, effectively addressing the crosstalk issue between magnetic and inertial signals.
The response of a spin exchange relaxation free atomic magnetometer to a repetitive short-pulsed pump was investigated. Quantum sub-resonances at a repetition rate of 1/n of the Larmor frequency of the magnetic field inside the shield are experimentally observed and theoretically explained. This is a type of synchronization phenomenon. Investigations in single alkali atom cells and mixed alkali atoms of K and Rb are presented. In the latter, one species is pumped while the probe is on the other species polarized by spin exchange. The effect of spin destruction, spin exchange, and collisions is studied in order to account for the width of the resonances. Quantum calculations of a three-level Λ model for this phenomenon exhibit a dip at the resonance frequency in the absorption spectrum for both cases of pulsed and cw pump modes and an evidence for electromagnetically induced transparency.