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arXiv:2105.07631 · Physical Review A

Herriott-cavity-assisted closed-loop Xe isotope comagnetometer

Chongyan Hao, Q.-Q. Yu, C.-Q. Yuan, S.-Q. Liu, D. Sheng

Published May 28, 2021• 22 citations
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Abstract

We present in this paper a Herriott-cavity-assisted closed-loop Xe isotope gas comagnetometer. In this system, $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ and $^{131}\mathrm{Xe}$ atoms are pumped and probed by polarized Rb atoms and continuously driven by oscillating magnetic fields, whose frequencies are kept on resonance by phase-locked loops. Different from other schemes, we use a Herriott cavity to improve the Rb magnetometer sensitivity instead of the parametric modulation method, and this passive method is designed to improve the system stability while maintaining the sensitivity. This system has demonstrated an angle random walk of $0.06{}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}/{\mathrm{h}}^{1/2}$ and a bias instability of $0.2{}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$/h (0.15 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{Hz}$) with a bandwidth of 1.5 Hz. By adding a closed-loop Rb isotope comagnetometer, we can extend this system to dual simultaneously working comagnetometers sharing the same cell. This extended system has wide applications in precision measurements, where we can simultaneously and independently measure the coupling of anomalous fields with proton spin and neutron spin.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.103.053523

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We present in this paper a Herriott-cavity-assisted closed-loop Xe isotope gas comagnetometer. In this system, 129Xe^{129}\mathrm{Xe}129Xe and 131Xe^{131}\mathrm{Xe}131Xe atoms are pumped and probed by polarized Rb atoms and continuously driven by oscillating magnetic fields, whose frequencies are kept on resonance by phase-locked loops. Different from other schemes, we use a Herriott cavity to improve the Rb magnetometer sensitivity instead of the parametric modulation method, and this passive method is designed to improve the system stability while maintaining the sensitivity. This system has demonstrated an angle random walk of 0.06\ensuremath∘/h1/20.06{}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}/{\mathrm{h}}^{1/2}0.06\ensuremath∘/h1/2 and a bias instability of 0.2\ensuremath∘0.2{}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}0.2\ensuremath∘/h (0.15 \ensuremathμHz\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{Hz}\ensuremathμHz) with a bandwidth of 1.5 Hz. By adding a closed-loop Rb isotope comagnetometer, we can extend this system to dual simultaneously working comagnetometers sharing the same cell. This extended system has wide applications in precision measurements, where we can simultaneously and independently measure the coupling of anomalous fields with proton spin and neutron spin.
We demonstrate a transversely polarized spin-exchange pumped noble gas comagnetometer which suppresses systematic errors from longitudinal polarization. Rb atoms as well as 131Xe^{131}\mathrm{Xe}131Xe and 129Xe^{129}\mathrm{Xe}129Xe nuclei are simultaneously polarized perpendicular to a pulsed bias field. Both Xe isotopes' nuclear magnetic resonance conditions are simultaneously satisfied by frequency modulation of the pulse repetition rate. The Rb atoms detect the Xe precession. We highlight the importance of magnetometer phase shifts when performing comagnetometry. For detection of nonmagnetic spin-dependent interactions the sensing bandwidth is 1 Hz, the white-noise level is $7\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{Hz}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$, and the bias instability is $\ensuremath{\sim}1$ $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{Hz}$.
We demonstrate a novel quantum sensor for measuring non-magnetic spin-dependent interactions. This sensor utilizes 131^{131}131Xe, 129^{129}129Xe, and 85^{85}85Rb which are continuously polarized transverse to a pulsed bias field. The transverse geometry of this spin-exchange pumped comagnetometer suppresses longitudinal polarization, which is an important source of systematic error. Simultaneous excitation of both Xe isotopes is accomplished by frequency modulating the repetition rate of the bias field pulses at subharmonics of the Xe Larmor resonance frequencies. The area of each bias pulse causes 2π2π2π Larmor precession of the Rb. We present continuous dual-species Xe excitation and discuss a temperature-dependent wall interaction that limits the 129^{129}129Xe polarization. The Rb atoms serve as an embedded magnetometer for detection of the Xe precession. We discuss Rb magnetometer phase shifts, and show that even first-order treatments of these phase shifts can result in order-of-magnitude improvements in the achieved field suppression when performing comagnetometry. The sensing bandwidth of the presented device is 1 Hz, and we demonstrate a white-noise level of 7 μμμHz/Hz\sqrt{\text{Hz}}Hz​ and a bias instability of ∼1\sim1∼1 μμμHz.
Comagnetometers have been widely used in fundamental research, such as tests of spin-gravity coupling and searches for permanent electric dipole moments (EDMs). Here, we report a comagnetometer that consists of simultaneous closed-loop oscillation of the F=1F=1F=1 and F=2F=2F=2 hyperfine Zeeman transitions of optically aligned 87{}^{87}87Rb\mathrm{Rb}Rb atoms. The Allan deviation of the F=2F=2F=2 and F=1F=1F=1 oscillation-frequency ratio reaches $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ after running continuously for 2 days, corresponding to a sensitivity of approximately $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ for the measurement of the hypothetical spin-dependent gravitational energy of the proton. The long-term stability of the comagnetometer can be further improved by system-level thermal control and optimization of the experimental parameters.
We report an all-optical atomic vector magnetometer using dual Bell-Bloom optical pumping beams in a Rb vapor cell. This vector magnetometer consists of two orthogonal optical pumping beams, with amplitude modulations at 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb and 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb Larmor frequencies, respectively. We simultaneously detect atomic signals excited by these two pumping beams using a single probe beam in the third direction, and extract the field orientation information using the phase delays between the modulated atomic signals and the driving beams. By adding a Herriott cavity inside the vapor cell, we improve the magnetometer sensitivity. We study the performance of this vector magnetometer in a magnetic field ranging from 100 mG to 500 mG, and demonstrate a field angle sensitivity better than 10 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{rad}/{\mathrm{Hz}}^{1/2}$ above 10 Hz.
We describe a dual-axis atomic spin comagnetometer for rotation sensing using a single laser beam. A circularly polarized laser is used to pump the co-located atomic ensembles of alkali metal and noble gas and probe their gyroscopic precession at the same time, which is different from the traditional two-beam orthogonal pump-probe configuration. Combined with magnetic field modulations perpendicular to the laser propagating direction, the comagnetometer could measure dual-axis rotation rates simultaneously. This system is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. A rotation sensitivity of 5.1 × 10–7 rad s−1 Hz−1∕2 and a bias instability of 0.016 °/h have been achieved. The theory and method presented here shed light on the way to miniaturize the comagnetometer with high precision for practical applications.
Rb optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) show advantages to measure the nuclear magnetization and have succeeded in fundamental physics and rotation sensing, etc . The magnetometry sensitivity is a key performance of these Rb OPMs which should be improved. In this study, a high sensitivity Rb OPM is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. To improve the sensitivity, acousto-optic modulation based on balanced detection is applied to suppress the probe noises. Compared with the conventional optical rotation detection for this OPM configuration, the probe noise shows a significant suppression especially in low frequencies. Eventually, a simultaneous dual-axis transverse measurement with 30 fT/Hz 1/2 sensitivity is achieved in a 200 Hz bandwidth and a 250nT linear working range. In addition, we utilize a closed-loop feedback to improve the stability and enlarge the transverse measurement range to 10µT order of magnitude while maintain the open-loop performances. A quasi-static magnetic field measurement can also be achieved in the longitudinal direction in the closed-loop mode. This OPM can serve for the nuclear magnetization measurement with a high sensitivity especially in environments with a large magnitude of the external magnetic field.