The Pauli and Lévy-Leblond equations, and the spin current density

Abstract

Abstract We review the literature on the Pauli equation and its current density, discussing the progression from the original phenomenological version of Pauli to its derivation by Lévy-Leblond from a linearization of the Schrödinger equation. It was established conclusively by Lévy-Leblond’s work that the spin of a spin-1/2 particle such as an electron is non-relativistic in nature, contrary to what was often stated following Dirac’s derivation of a relativistic wave equation, and his subsequent demonstration that Pauli’s spin interaction term appeared in the non-relativistic limit. In this limit, the Gordon decomposition of the associated probability current density was found to contain a spin-dependent term. Such a term does not follow, however, from the usual derivation of the current density from the Pauli equation, although various physically motivated but otherwise ad hoc explanations were put forward to account for it. We comment on the only exception to these of which we are aware implying the spin term in the current was in fact non-relativistic in nature. However, the earlier work of Lévy-Leblond had already shown, with no additional assumptions, that this term was a prominent feature of the current density derived from his equation. Hence, just as with the spin itself, the spin current was non-relativistic, claims to the contrary notwithstanding. We present a somewhat simplified derivation of the Lévy-Leblond equation and its current density, commenting on possibilities for experimental work that might indicate measurable consequences of the spin term in the current density. The presentation is at a level of quantum mechanics, electromagnetic theory, and mathematical methods typical of courses taken by first-year graduate students in physics, assuming some familiarity with Pauli spin matrices and the Dirac equation. Calculations are presented in detail, making the material suitable for use by teachers as supplementary problems for assignments, and development of theoretical concepts peculiar to the Pauli equation and its probability current density.