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arXiv:1609.03113 · Physical Review A

Ultrafast coherent control of spinor Bose-Einstein condensates using stimulated Raman adiabatic passage

Andreas M. D. Thomasen, T. Mukai, Tim Byrnes

Published Nov 30, 2016• 3 citations
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Abstract

We propose the use of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage to offer a fast high fidelity method of performing SU(2) rotations on spinor Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). Past demonstrations of BECs optical control suffer from difficulties arising from collective enhancement of spontaneous emission and inefficient two-photon transitions originating from selection rules. We present here a scheme which allows for arbitrary coherent rotations of two-component BECs while overcoming these issues. Numerical tests of the method show that for BECs of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ with up to ${10}^{4}$ atoms and gate times of $1\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$, decoherence due to spontaneous emission can be suppressed to negligible values.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.94.053636

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We propose the use of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage to offer a fast high fidelity method of performing SU(2) rotations on spinor Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). Past demonstrations of BECs optical control suffer from difficulties arising from collective enhancement of spontaneous emission and inefficient two-photon transitions originating from selection rules. We present here a scheme which allows for arbitrary coherent rotations of two-component BECs while overcoming these issues. Numerical tests of the method show that for BECs of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb with up to 104{10}^{4}104 atoms and gate times of 1\ensuremathμs1\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}1\ensuremathμs, decoherence due to spontaneous emission can be suppressed to negligible values.
In coherent control of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) the major limitation to successful high fidelity transfer using optical Raman transitions is spontaneous emission of radiation and the decoherence that this causes. We present a scheme based on stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) designed specifically for Rubidium 87. STIRAP is a method of population transfer that relies on the adiabatic theorem of quantum mechanics. Instead of transferring population between Hamiltonian ground states, one adiabatically evolves the ground states into some desired superposition. We show that one may thereby implement arbitrary rotations of spinor BECs with extremely high fidelities. Our simulations show that given a BEC with N = 10 4 atoms, we may do an arbitrary unitary rotation with an infidelity of about 10 -7 that takes approximately 100 ns.
Summary form only given. Coherent conversion of an atomic to a molecular Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a first step towards 'superchemistry', which is the atom optics analog of frequency conversion in nonlinear optics. A number of studies of this have shown that direct conversion via Raman photo-association appears feasible, based on stimulated free-bound and bound-bound transitions in the presence of two laser fields E/sup (1)/=E/sub 0//sup (1)/ cos(/spl omega//sup (1)/t) and E/sup (2)/=E/sub 0//sup (2)/ cos(/spl omega//sup (2)/t). Here pairs of atoms from the two-atom continuum are transferred-via an excited bound molecular state-to a bound molecular state of lower energy. Raman photo-association allows coupling to a single molecular state, which can be selected by the Raman laser frequencies /spl omega//sup (1)/ and /spl omega//sup (2)/. However, practical calculations using available lasers and transitions indicate that coherent transfer is often limited by spontaneous emission from the intermediate molecular excited electronic state. A possible route towards minimizing losses and decoherence from spontaneous emission is to use the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) method (Drummond et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 81, p. 3055, 1998) in which a counter-intuitive pulse sequence is used where the first input pulse couples the molecular levels, even when there are no molecules present.
Robust stimulated Raman exact passages are requisite for controlling nonlinear quantum systems, with wide applications, ranging from ultracold molecules to nonlinear optics to superchemistry. Inspired by shortcuts to adiabaticity, we propose the fast-forward scaling of stimulated Raman adiabatic processes with nonlinearity involved, describing the transfer from an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate to a molecular one by controllable external fields. The fidelity and robustness of atom-molecule conversion are shown to surpass those of conventional adiabatic passages, assisted by the fast-forward driving field. Finally, our results are extended to fractional stimulated Raman adiabatic processes for the coherent superposition of atomic and molecular states.
We investigate coherent atomic tunneling of a dilute gas Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a three-well system. In particular, we generalize stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) to adiabatically transport a BEC of 2000 7Li^{7}\mathrm{Li}7Li atoms between two wells with minimal occupation in the intervening well. This protocol paves the way for a robust method of control in atom-optical devices.
The process of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) provides a possible route for the generation of a coherent molecular Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) from an atomic BEC. We analyze this process in a three-dimensional mean-field theory, including atom-atom interactions and nonresonant intermediate levels. We find that the process is feasible, but at larger Rabi frequencies than anticipated from a crude single-mode lossless analysis, due to two-photon dephasing caused by the atomic interactions. We then identify optimal strategies in STIRAP allowing one to maintain high conversion efficiencies with smaller Rabi frequencies and under experimentally less demanding conditions.
We analyze coherent two-color photoassociation of a Bose-Einstein condensate, focusing on stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in free-bound-bound transitions from atoms to molecules. This problem raises an interest because STIRAP has been predicted to be absent in the nondegenerate case [Javanainen and Mackie, Phys. Rev. A 58, R789 (1998)]. Nevertheless, we find that Bose stimulation enhances the free-bound dipole matrix element for an atomic condensate, and photoassociative STIRAP turns out to be a viable mechanism for converting an atomic condensate to a molecular condensate with near-unit efficiency.