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arXiv:1511.07336 · Physical Review Letters

Noise Suppression Using Symmetric Exchange Gates in Spin Qubits

Frederico Martins, Filip K. Malinowski, Peter Dahl Nissen, Edwin Barnes, Saeed Fallahi, Geoffrey C. Gardner, Michael J. Manfra, Charles M. Marcus, Ferdinand Kuemmeth

Published Mar 16, 2016• 246 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We demonstrate a substantial improvement in the spin-exchange gate using symmetric control instead of conventional detuning in GaAs spin qubits, up to a factor of six increase in the quality factor of the gate. For symmetric operation, nanosecond voltage pulses are applied to the barrier that controls the interdot potential between quantum dots, modulating the exchange interaction while maintaining symmetry between the dots. Excellent agreement is found with a model that separately includes electrical and nuclear noise sources for both detuning and symmetric gating schemes. Unlike exchange control via detuning, the decoherence of symmetric exchange rotations is dominated by rotation-axis fluctuations due to nuclear field noise rather than direct exchange noise.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.116.116801

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•Apr 26, 2017•0 citations
We demonstrate a substantial improvement in the spin-exchange gate using symmetric control instead of conventional detuning in GaAs spin qubits, up to a factor of six increase in the quality factor of the gate. For symmetric operation, nanosecond voltage pulses are applied to the barrier that controls the interdot potential between quantum dots, modulating the exchange interaction while maintaining symmetry between the dots. Excellent agreement is found with a model that separately includes electrical and nuclear noise sources for both detuning and symmetric gating schemes. Unlike exchange control via detuning, the decoherence of symmetric exchange rotations is dominated by rotation-axis fluctuations due to nuclear field noise rather than direct exchange noise.
It has been recently demonstrated that a singlet-triplet spin qubit in semiconductor double quantum dots can be controlled by changing the height of the potential barrier between the two dots (``barrier control''), which has led to a considerable reduction of charge noises as compared with the traditional tilt control method. In this paper we show, through a molecular-orbital-theoretic calculation of double quantum dots influenced by a charged impurity, that the relative charge noise for a system under the barrier control not only is smaller than that for the tilt control but actually decreases as a function of an increasing exchange interaction. This is understood as a combined consequence of the greatly suppressed detuning noise when the two dots are symmetrically operated, as well as an enhancement of the interdot hopping energy of an electron when the barrier is lowered which in turn reduces the relative charge noise at large exchange interaction values. We have also studied the response of the qubit to charged impurities at different locations and found that the improvement of barrier control is least for impurities equidistant from the two dots due to the small detuning noise they cause but is otherwise significant along other directions.
Spin states of a three-electron system can encode one quantum bit in such a way that universal qubit control by voltage pulses becomes possible. In this work, a triple-dot qubit is operated in a highly symmetric charge configuration, using resonant radio-frequency voltage pulses applied to one gate electrode. The authors show that careful symmetrization reduces the susceptibility of the qubit frequency to voltage fluctuations by more than an order of magnitude, compared to conventional triple-dot spin qubits. Combining voltage control with symmetric operating regimes may lead to multiqubit processors based on semiconducting spin qubits that at the same time alleviate decoherence due to electrical noise.
Decoherence due to charge noise is one of the central challenges in using spin qubits in semiconductor quantum dots as a platform for quantum information processing. Recently, it has been experimentally demonstrated in both Si and GaAs singlet-triplet qubits that the effects of charge noise can be suppressed if qubit operations are implemented using symmetric barrier control instead of the standard tilt control. Here, we investigate the key issue of whether the benefits of barrier control persist over the entire set of single-qubit gates by performing randomized benchmarking simulations. We find the surprising result that the improvement afforded by barrier control depends sensitively on the amount of spin noise: for the minimal nuclear spin noise levels present in Si, the coherence time improves by more than 2 orders of magnitude whereas in GaAs, by contrast the coherence time is essentially the same for barrier and tilt control. However, we establish that barrier control becomes beneficial if qubit operations are performed using a new family of composite pulses that reduce gate times by up to 90%. With these optimized pulses, barrier control is the best way to achieve high-fidelity quantum gates in singlet-triplet qubits.
Semiconductor spin qubits have emerged as a promising platform for quantum computing, following a significant improvement in their control fidelities over recent years. Increasing the qubit count remains challenging, beginning with the fabrication of small features and complex fan-outs. A particular challenge has been formed by the need for individual barrier gates to control the exchange interaction between adjacent spin qubits. Here, we propose a method to vary two-qubit interactions without applying pulses on individual barrier gates while also remaining insensitive to detuning noise in first order. Experimentally we find that changing plunger gate voltages over 300 mV can tune the exchange energy J from 100 kHz to 60 MHz. This allows us to perform two-qubit operations without changing the barrier gate voltage. Based on these findings we conceptualize a spin qubit architecture without individual barrier gates, simplifying the fabrication while maintaining the control necessary for universal quantum computation.
We present a theory for understanding the exchange interaction between electron spins in neighboring quantum dots, either by changing the detuning of the two quantum dots or independently tuning the tunneling barrier between quantum dots. The Hubbard model and a more realistic confining-potential model are used to investigate how the tilting and barrier control affect the effective exchange coupling and thus the gate fidelity in both the detuning and symmetric regimes. We show that the exchange coupling is less sensitive to the charge noise through tunnel barrier control (while allowing for exchange coupling operations on a sweet spot where the exchange interaction has zero derivative with respect to the detuning). Both GaAs and Si quantum dots are considered, and we compare our results with experimental data showing qualitative agreements. Our results answer the open question of why barrier gates are preferable to tilt gates for exchange-based gate operations.
It has been recently demonstrated that a singlet-triplet spin qubit in semiconductor double quantum dots can be controlled by changing the height of the potential barrier between the two dots (barrier control), which has led to a considerable reduction of charge noises as compared to the traditional tilt control method. In this paper we show, through a molecular-orbital-theoretic calculation of double quantum dots influenced by a charged impurity, that the relative charge noise for a system under the barrier control not only is smaller than that for the tilt control, but actually decreases as a function of an increasing exchange interaction. This is understood as a combined consequence of the greatly suppressed detuning noise when the two dots are symmetrically operated, as well as an enhancement of the inter-dot hopping energy of an electron when the barrier is lowered which in turn reduces the relative charge noise at large exchange interaction values. We have also studied the response of the qubit to charged impurities at different locations, and found that the improvement of barrier control is least for impurities equidistant from the two dots due to the small detuning noise they cause, but is otherwise significant along other directions.