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arXiv:1510.01729 · Optics Letters

Observation of interference effects via four-photon excitation of highly excited Rydberg states in thermal cesium vapor

Jorge M. Kondo, Nikola Šibalić, Alexander Guttridge, Christopher G. Wade, Natalia R. De Melo, Charles S. Adams, Kevin J. Weatherill

Published Nov 20, 2015• 16 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We report on the observation of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) of highly excited Rydberg states in thermal Cs vapor using a four-step excitation scheme. The advantage of this four-step scheme is that the final transition to the Rydberg state has a large dipole moment and one can achieve similar Rabi frequencies to two- or three-step excitation schemes using two orders of magnitude less laser power. This scheme enables new applications such as dephasing free Rydberg excitation. The observed lineshapes are in good agreement with simulations based on multilevel optical Bloch equations.

DOI
10.1364/ol.40.005570

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Chinese Journal of Lasers•Jan 1, 2004•0 citations
We report on the observation of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) of highly excited Rydberg states in thermal Cs vapor using a four-step excitation scheme. The advantage of this four-step scheme is that the final transition to the Rydberg state has a large dipole moment and one can achieve similar Rabi frequencies to two- or three-step excitation schemes using two orders of magnitude less laser power. This scheme enables new applications such as dephasing free Rydberg excitation. The observed lineshapes are in good agreement with simulations based on multilevel optical Bloch equations.
We present a theoretical model of a four-photon excitation process to the Rydberg state in thermal atomic vapor where the motion-induced dephasing in the system is eliminated. This is achieved by arranging the four laser beams in a suitable geometry such that the residual wave vector is reduced to zero. The method of adiabatic elimination has been used to reduce the complex five-level system to an effective three-level system to study electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) where the transition from ground state to second excited state can be considered as the effective probe and second excited state to the Rydberg state as the effective coupling transition. The effect of the blockade phenomenon is observed in the strong interaction regime, where the two atoms are considered to be moving with independent velocities and the system is Doppler averaged using Monte Carlo simulation technique. Also, the dephasing mechanisms in the system are investigated in detail. Though the system is not frozen during the excitation process, a strong blockade effect is still observed similar to the cold atom system. We conclude the paper with a proposal for experimentally investigating the four-photon excitation process to the Rydberg state in thermal rubidium vapor.
Abstract Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) are quantum coherence phenomena which result from the interference of excitation pathways. Combining these with Rydberg atoms have opened up many possibilities for various applications. We introduce a theoretical model to study Rydberg-EIT and Rydberg-EIA effects in cold Cs and Rb atomic ensembles in a four-level ladder type scheme taking into account van der Waals type interactions between the atoms. The proposed many-body method for analysis of such systems involves a self-consistent mean field approach and it produces results which display a very good agreement with recent experiments. Our calculations also successfully demonstrate experimentally observed EIT-EIA cross-over in the Rb case. Being able to simulate the interaction effects in such systems has significant importance, especially for controlling the optical response of these.
We present nonlinear spectra of four-level ladder cesium atoms employing 6S 1/2 → 6P 3/2→ 7S 1/2 → 30P 3/2 scheme of a room temperature vapor cell. A coupling laser drives Rydberg transition, a dressing laser couples two intermediate levels, and a probe laser optically probes the nonlinear spectra via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Nonlinear spectra are detected as a function of coupling laser frequency. The observed spectra exhibit an enhanced absorption (EA) signal at coupling laser resonance to Rydberg transition and enhanced transmission (ET) signals at detunings to the transition. We define the enhanced absorption (transmission) strength, H EA (H ET), and distance between two ET peaks, γ ET, to describe the spectral feature of the four-level atoms. The enhanced absorption signal H EA is found to have a maximum value when we vary the dressing laser Rabi frequency Ω d, corresponding Rabi frequency is defined as a separatrix point, Ω dSe . The values of Ω dSe and further η = Ω dSe /Ω c are found to depend on the probe and coupling Rabi frequency but not the atomic density. Based on Ω dSe , the spectra can be separated into two regimes, weak and strong dressing ranges, Ω d ≲ Ω dSe and Ω d ≳ Ω dSe , respectively. The spectroscopies display different features at these two regimes. A four-level theoretical model is developed that agrees well with the experimental results in terms of the probe-beam absorption behavior of Rabi frequency-dependent dressed states.
Rydberg atoms possess highly excited valence electrons that are far away from atomic cations. Compared with ground states, Rydberg states are excited states with a high principal quantum number n that exhibit large electric dipole moments and have a variety of applications in quantum information processing. In this communication, we report the measurement of the 6Li Rydberg excitation spectrum by ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a vapor cell. The 2p→ns/nd EIT spectra were recorded by sweeping the frequency of an ultraviolet Rydberg pumping laser while keeping the probing laser resonant to the 2s→2p transition. All lasers were locked on an ultrastable optical Fabry-Pérot cavity and measured by an optical frequency comb. Our results provide valuable information to precisely determine quantum defects and enable novel experiments with Rydberg-dressed ultracold Fermi gases.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is investigated in a system of cold, interacting cesium Rydberg atoms. The utilized cesium levels 6S 1/2 , 6P 3/2 and nD 5/2 constitute a cascade three-level system, in which a coupling laser drives the Rydberg transition, and a probe laser detects the EIT signal on the 6S 1/2 to 6P 3/2 transition. Rydberg EIT spectra are found to depend on the strong interaction between the Rydberg atoms. Diminished EIT transparency is obtained when the Rabi frequency of the probe laser is increased, whereas the corresponding linewidth remains unchanged. To model the system with a three-level Lindblad equation, we introduce a Rydberg-level dephasing rate γ3 = κ × (ρ33/Ω p ) 2 , with a value κ that depends on the ground-state atom density and the Rydberg level. The simulation results are largely consistent with the measurements. The experiments, in which the principal quantum number is varied between 30 and 43, demonstrate that the EIT reduction observed at large Ω p is due to the strong interactions between the Rydberg atoms.
Employing an intense laser field coupling to the degenerate two-level system of cesium 6 2S_ 1/2(F=4)- 6 2P_ 3/2(F′=5) transition in a cesium vapor cell, electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) has been demonstrated via probe absorption spectra, at the same time, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of V-type three-level scheme has been demonstrated on the F=4-F′=3 and F=4-F′=4 transition frequency. The EIA is affected by the intensity and detuning of the coupling laser. By analyzing the effect of optical pumping between Zeeman sub-levels on the EIA and the coherent interactions between multiple degenerate two-level atoms, it is shown that the optical pumping affects the population of different Zeeman sub-levels and the number of the involved two-level atoms, the coherent time between the sub-levels is then changed and the linewidth and intensity of the EIA are affected accordingly.