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arXiv:1506.01535 · Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters

Microwave photon antibunching at the modulation of the resonance frequency of a qubit emitter

A. P. Saǐko, Ryhor Fedaruk, S. A. Markevich

Published Feb 1, 2015• 4 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The statistics of photons in the resonance fluorescence of a qubit excited by microwave and radio-frequency (RF) fields have been studied. It has been established that the coherent dissipative dynamics of the qubit with allowance for multiphoton emission and absorption of RF photons in each act of emission and absorption of a microwave photon results in periodic alternation of photon bunching and antibunching. It has been shown that periodically varying statistics of photons can be smoothly transformed to the purely sub-Poisson statistics by varying the parameters of the RF field. The conditions for the formation of the “collapse-revival” of oscillations in the second-order correlation function of photons have been determined. The described effects can be implemented on spin and superconducting qubits, quantum dots, and qubit-mechanical hybrid systems.

DOI
10.1134/s0021364015030133

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The statistics of photons in the resonance fluorescence of a qubit excited by microwave and radio-frequency (RF) fields have been studied. It has been established that the coherent dissipative dynamics of the qubit with allowance for multiphoton emission and absorption of RF photons in each act of emission and absorption of a microwave photon results in periodic alternation of photon bunching and antibunching. It has been shown that periodically varying statistics of photons can be smoothly transformed to the purely sub-Poisson statistics by varying the parameters of the RF field. The conditions for the formation of the “collapse-revival” of oscillations in the second-order correlation function of photons have been determined. The described effects can be implemented on spin and superconducting qubits, quantum dots, and qubit-mechanical hybrid systems.
Photon antibunching in the light scattered by single quantum emitters is one of the hallmarks of quantum optics, providing an unequivocal demonstration of the quantized nature of the electromagnetic field. Antibunching can be intuitively understood by the need for a two-level system lying in its lower state after emitting a photon to be re-excited into the upper one before a second emission can take place. Here we show that such a picture breaks down in the ultrastrong light-matter coupling regime, when the coupling strength becomes comparable to the bare emitter frequency. Specialising to the cases of both a natural and a superconducting artificial atom, we thus show that a single emitter coupled to a photonic resonator can emit bunched light. The result presented herein is a clear evidence of how the ultrastrong coupling regime is able to change the nature of individual atoms.
We develop a general theoretical framework to dynamically engineer quantum correlations and entanglement in the frequency-comb emission from an array of superconducting qubits in a waveguide, rigorously accounting for the temporal modulation of the qubit resonance frequencies. We demonstrate that when the resonance frequencies of the two qubits are periodically modulated with a π phase shift, it is possible to realize simultaneous bunching and antibunching in cross-correlations as well as Bell states of the scattered photons from different sidebands. Our approach, based on the dynamical conversion between the quantum excitations with different parity symmetry, is quite universal. It can be used to control multiparticle correlations in generic dynamically modulated dissipative quantum systems.
The quantum dynamics of a double quantum dot two-level system, coupled to a leaking microwave resonator mode, is theoretically investigated. The double quantum dot is driven by applying a continuous field giving rise to time-dependent modulations of its energy separation between the ground levels of each dot, forming the qubit. Therefore, the cavity resonances occur when the difference between the resonator and the qubit frequencies equals the multiple of the modulation frequency, respectively. In the strong Coulomb interaction limit and the weak couplings of the combined system, i.e. the qubit and the single-mode cavity, to corresponding electronic, phononic or photonic reservoirs, we have demonstrated that the output cavity electromagnetic field is formed of a single-photon flux obeying the sub-Poissonian quantum photon statistics. This was proved via Fano's factor behaviour or by comparing the resonator's second- and third-order photon correlation functions, respectively. The phonon, the cavity mode dephasing or the environmental temperatures influence on the quantum properties of the photons are also discussed.
Photon antibunching in the light scattered by single quantum emitters is one of the hallmarks of quantum optics, providing an unequivocal demonstration of the quantized nature of the electromagnetic field. Antibunching can be intuitively understood by the need for a two-level system lying in its lower state after emitting a photon to be re-excited into the upper one before a second emission can take place. Here we show that such a picture breaks down in the ultrastrong light–matter coupling regime, when the coupling strength becomes comparable to the bare emitter frequency. Specializing to the cases of both a natural and an artificial atom, we thus show that a single emitter coupled to a photonic resonator can emit bunched light. The result presented herein is clear evidence of how the ultrastrong coupling regime is able to change the nature of individual atoms.
Multiphoton emitters are a sought-after resource in quantum photonics. Nonlinear interactions between a multilevel atomic system and a coherent drive can lead to resonant two-photon emission, but harvesting light from this process has remained a challenge due to the small oscillator strengths involved. Here we present a study of two-photon resonance fluorescence at microwave frequencies, using a superconducting, ladder-type artificial atom, a transmon, strongly coupled to a waveguide. We drive the two-photon transition between the ground and second-excited states at increasingly high powers and observe a resonance fluorescence peak whose intensity becomes comparable to single-photon emission until it splits into a Mollow-like triplet. We measure photon correlations of frequency-filtered spectral lines and find that while emission at the fundamental frequency stays antibunched, the resonance fluorescence peak at the two-photon transition is superbunched. Our results provide a route towards the realization of multiphoton sources in the microwave domain.
Creating a train of single photons and monitoring its propagation and interaction is challenging in most physical systems, as photons generally interact very weakly with other systems. However, when confining microwave frequency photons in a transmission line resonator, effective photon-photon interactions can be mediated by qubits embedded in the resonator. Here, we observe the phenomenon of photon blockade through second-order correlation function measurements. The experiments clearly demonstrate antibunching in a continuously pumped source of single microwave photons measured by using microwave beam splitters, linear amplifiers, and quadrature amplitude detectors. We also investigate resonance fluorescence and Rayleigh scattering in Mollow-triplet-like spectra.