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arXiv:1409.7667 · Applied Physics Letters

Hybrid quantum circuit with implanted erbium ions

S. Probst, Nadezhda Kukharchyk, Hannes Rotzinger, A. Tkalčec, S. Wünsch, Andreas Dirk Wieck, M. Siegel, Alexey Vladimirovich Ustinov, Pavel A. Bushev

Published Oct 20, 2014• 24 citations

Abstract

We report on hybrid circuit quantum electrodynamics experiments with focused ion beam implanted Er3+ ions in Y2SiO5 coupled to an array of superconducting lumped element microwave resonators. The Y2SiO5 crystal is divided into several areas with distinct erbium doping concentrations, each coupled to a separate resonator. The coupling strength is varied from 5 MHz to 18.7 MHz, while the linewidth ranges between 50 MHz and 130 MHz. We confirm the paramagnetic properties of the implanted spin ensemble by evaluating the temperature dependence of the coupling. The efficiency of the implantation process is analyzed and the results are compared to a bulk doped Er:Y2SiO5 sample. We demonstrate the integration of these engineered erbium spin ensembles with superconducting circuits.

DOI: 10.1063/1.4898696

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We report on hybrid circuit quantum electrodynamics experiments with focused ion beam implanted Er3+ ions in Y2SiO5 coupled to an array of superconducting lumped element microwave resonators. The Y2SiO5 crystal is divided into several areas with distinct erbium doping concentrations, each coupled to a separate resonator. The coupling strength is varied from 5 MHz to 18.7 MHz, while the linewidth ranges between 50 MHz and 130 MHz. We confirm the paramagnetic properties of the implanted spin ensemble by evaluating the temperature dependence of the coupling. The efficiency of the implantation process is analyzed and the results are compared to a bulk doped Er:Y2SiO5 sample. We demonstrate the integration of these engineered erbium spin ensembles with superconducting circuits.

A quantum coherent interface between optical and microwave photons can be used as a basic building block within a future quantum information network. The interface is envisioned as an ensemble of rare-earth ions coupled to a superconducting resonator, allowing for coherent transfer between optical and microwave photons. Towards this end, we have realized a hybrid device coupling a Er3+-doped Y2SiO5 crystal in a superconducting coplanar waveguide cavity. We observe a collective spin coupling of 4 MHz and a spin linewidth of down to 75 MHz.

Erbium-implanted silicon is promising for both photonic and quantum-technology platforms, since it possesses both telecommunications and integrated-circuit processing compatibility. However, several different

\mathrm{Er}

centers are generated during the implantation and annealing process, the presence of which could hinder the development of these applications. When

\mathrm{Si}

is coimplanted with ${10}^{17}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$

\mathrm{Er}

and ${10}^{20}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$

\mathrm{O}

ions, and the appropriate annealing process is used, one of these centers, which is present at higher

\mathrm{Er}

concentrations, can be eliminated. Characterization of samples with

\mathrm{Er}

concentrations of ${10}^{17}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ is limited by the sensitivity of standard electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) instruments. The collective coupling strength between a superconducting (SC)

\mathrm{Nb}\mathrm{N}

lumped-element resonator and a ${10}^{17}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$

\mathrm{Er}

-implanted

\mathrm{Si}

sample at 20 mK is measured to be about 1 MHz, which provides a basis for the characterization of low-concentration

\mathrm{Er}

-implanted

\mathrm{Si}

and for future networks of hybrid quantum systems that exchange quantum information over the telecommunication network. Of six known

\mathrm{Er}

-related EPR centers, only one trigonal center couples to the SC resonator.

A quantum coherent interface between optical and microwave photons can be used as a basic building block within a future quantum information network. The interface is envisioned as an ensemble of rare-earth ions coupled to a superconducting resonator, allowing for coherent transfer between optical and microwave photons. Towards this end, we have realized a hybrid device coupling a Er

\mathrm{Si}

doped Y

_2

SiO

_5

crystal in a superconducting coplanar waveguide cavity. We observe a collective spin coupling of 4 MHz and a spin linewdith of down to 75 MHz.

We demonstrate the coupling of rare-earth ions locally implanted in a substrate (Gd3+ in Al2O3) to a superconducting NbN lumped-element micro-resonator. The hybrid device is fabricated by a controlled ion implantation of rare-earth ions in well-defined micron-sized areas, aligned to lithographically defined micro-resonators. The technique does not degrade the internal quality factor of the resonators which remain above 105. Using microwave absorption spectroscopy, we observe electron-spin resonances in good agreement with numerical modelling and extract corresponding coupling rates of the order of 1 MHz and spin linewidths of 50–65 MHz.