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arXiv:1309.0445 · Journal of the Korean Physical Society

One atomic beam as a detector of classical harmonic vibrations with micro amplitudes and low frequencies

Yong-Yi Huang

Published Mar 1, 2014• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We propose a simplest detector of harmonic vibrations with micro amplitudes and low frequencies, i.e. a detector consisting of one atomic beam. Here, the atomic beam is induced by a plane harmonic wave and has classical collective harmonic vibrations, whose vibrant directions are perpendicular to the wave vectors of the atomic beam. Compared with a detector consisting of an atomic Mach-Zehnder interferometer, the new detector has two advantages: (1) it is suitable for the detection of harmonic vibrations induced either by a longitudinal plane harmonic wave or by using a transverse plane harmonic wave: (2) the quantum noise fluctuation of the atomic beam is exactly zero. We present the principle for detecting classical harmonic vibrations with micro amplitudes and low frequencies by using the new detector. The frequency of a classical harmonic vibration with a micro amplitude can be evaluated by measuring the variations in the mean numbers of atoms arriving at the atomic detector.

DOI
10.3938/jkps.64.775

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We propose a simplest detector of harmonic vibrations with micro amplitudes and low frequencies, i.e. a detector consisting of one atomic beam. Here, the atomic beam is induced by a plane harmonic wave and has classical collective harmonic vibrations, whose vibrant directions are perpendicular to the wave vectors of the atomic beam. Compared with a detector consisting of an atomic Mach-Zehnder interferometer, the new detector has two advantages: (1) it is suitable for the detection of harmonic vibrations induced either by a longitudinal plane harmonic wave or by using a transverse plane harmonic wave: (2) the quantum noise fluctuation of the atomic beam is exactly zero. We present the principle for detecting classical harmonic vibrations with micro amplitudes and low frequencies by using the new detector. The frequency of a classical harmonic vibration with a micro amplitude can be evaluated by measuring the variations in the mean numbers of atoms arriving at the atomic detector.
We show that the application of atom interferometry techniques to the internal, i.e., rotational-vibrational states of molecules provides a new tool for ultrahigh precision tests of fundamental physics. The measurement principle is based on the fact that the electronic structure of molecules is not spherically symmetric. A diatomic quantum sensor can hence distinguish between the direction along its internuclear axis and the two orthogonal directions and is therefore direction sensitive. As an example we show how a molecular rotational-vibrational quantum interferometer based on the hydrogen deuteride molecular ion (HD+)({\text{HD}}^{+})(HD+) may be used to detect gravitational waves. We show that a monochromatic gravitational wave of dimensionless amplitude $h={10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$ will cause a frequency shift of the order of $30\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{Hz}$ between appropriately prepared quantum states, a frequency difference likely to be detectable with the next generation atom interferometers in 1 s.
Matter-wave interferometry is a highly sensitive tool to measure small perturbations in a quantum system.This property allows the creation of precision sensors for dephasing mechanisms such as mechanical vibrations.They are a challenge for phase measurements under perturbing conditions that cannot be perfectly decoupled from the interferometer, e.g.for mobile interferometric devices or vibrations with a broad frequency range.Here, we demonstrate a method based on second-order correlation theory in combination with Fourier analysis, to use an electron interferometer as a sensor that precisely characterizes the mechanical vibration spectrum of the interferometer.Using the high spatial and temporal single-particle resolution of a delay line detector, the data allows to reveal the original contrast and spatial periodicity of the interference pattern from 'washed-out' matter-wave interferograms that have been vibrationally disturbed in the frequency region between 100 and 1000 Hz.Other than with electromagnetic dephasing, due to excitations of higher harmonics and additional frequencies induced from the environment, the parts in the setup oscillate with frequencies that can be different to the applied ones.The developed numerical search algorithm is capable to determine those unknown oscillations and corresponding amplitudes.The technique can identify vibrational dephasing and decrease damping and shielding requirements in electron, ion, neutron, atom and molecule interferometers that generate a spatial fringe pattern on the detector plane.
Atom interferometers are very sensitive to accelerations and rotations. This property, which has some very interesting applications, induces a deleterious phase noise due to the seismic noise of the laboratory and this phase noise is sufficiently large to reduce the fringe visibility in many experiments. We develop a model calculation of this phase noise in the case of Mach-Zehnder atom interferometers and we apply this model to our thermal lithium interferometer. We are able to explain the observed phase noise which has been detected through the rapid dependence of the fringe visibility with the diffraction order. We think that the dynamical model developed in the present paper should be very useful to reduce the vibration induced phase noise in atom interferometers, making many new experiments feasible.
Four laser beams traveling in the same direction that split and reflect a thermal calcium atomic beam compose an atomic interferometer like the Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer. The interference performance of the atomic interferometer was examined by changing the phase of the induced dipole moment in the atomic wave due to the laser beams, or the phase of atomic ``wavepacket'' in an atomic trajectory due to the ac Stark effect. An interference signal with a visibility of more than 15% was obtained. This interferometer will be useful in the detection of weak signals that require a long integration time, since it is less sensitive to the fluctuation of the laser frequency compared with the optical Ramsey atomic interferometer.
Measuring low-frequency and ultra-low-frequency vibration signals is of critical importance in fields such as structural mechanics, geological exploration, aerospace, precision machining, and biomedicine. Existing methods face limitations in achieving both ultra-low-frequency range and high precision. We present an ultra-low-frequency vibration measurement method based on the atom interferometer, capable of measuring vibration signals from 0.01 Hz to DC. The performance of measurement was experimentally demonstrated for vibrations between 0.007 Hz and 0.01 Hz, achieving a sensitivity of 1.1 μm/s2/Hz. Incorporating active vibration isolation can further enhance the measurement range, increasing the optimal sensitivity to 0.2 μm/s2/Hz.