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arXiv:1302.0867 · Optics Letters

Quantum-enhanced micromechanical displacement sensitivity

Ulrich B. Hoff, Glen I. Harris, Lars S. Madsen, Hugo Kerdoncuff, Mikael Lassen, Bo M. Nielsen, Warwick P. Bowen, Ulrik L. Andersen

Published Apr 23, 2013• 71 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We report on a hitherto unexplored application of squeezed light: for quantum-enhancement of mechanical transduction sensitivity in microcavity optomechanics. Using a toroidal silica microcavity, we experimentally demonstrate measurement of the transduced phase modulation signal in the frequency range 4-5.8 MHz with a sensitivity -0.72(±0.01) dB below the shot noise level. This is achieved for resonant probing in the highly undercoupled regime, by preparing the probe in a weak coherent state with phase squeezed vacuum states at sideband frequencies.

DOI
10.1364/ol.38.001413

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We determine the theoretical limits to squeezing-enhanced measurement sensitivity of mechanical motion in a cavity optomechanical system. The motion of a mechanical resonator is transduced onto quadrature fluctuations of a cavity optical field and a measurement is performed on the optical field exiting the cavity. We compare measurement sensitivities obtained with coherent probing and quantum-enhanced probing of the mechanical motion, i.e. the coherent probe field carries vacuum states and quadrature squeezed vacuum states at sideband frequencies, respectively. We find that quantum-enhanced probing provides little to no improvement in motion sensing for resonators in the unresolved sideband regime but may significantly increase measurement sensitivities for resonators in the resolved sideband regime.
We determine the theoretical limits to squeezing‐enhanced measurement sensitivity of mechanical motion in a cavity optomechanical system. The motion of a mechanical resonator is transduced onto quadrature fluctuations of a cavity optical field and a measurement is performed on the optical field exiting the cavity. We compare measurement sensitivities obtained with coherent probing and quantum‐enhanced probing of the mechanical motion, i.e. the coherent probe field carries vacuum states and quadrature squeezed vacuum states at sideband frequencies, respectively. We find that quantum‐enhanced probing provides little to no improvement in motion sensing for resonators in the unresolved sideband regime but may significantly increase measurement sensitivities for resonators in the resolved sideband regime.
We propose an ultrasensitive displacement measurement scheme to overcome the standard quantum limit (SQL) in the unresolved sideband cavity optomechanical system with nonlinear optomechanical coupling and squeezed light injection. By introducing the optimized quantum correlation, which is enabled by suitable choices of the squeezing angle, squeezing level, power of the probe light, and measurement angle of homodyne detection, the off-resonant displacement sensitivity reaches 6 dB below the SQL in linear optomechanical coupling. In contrast, displacement sensitivities with a coherent probe plus variational readout and squeezed probe plus fixed measurement angle (phase quadrature) are 2.6 dB and 4.6 dB below the SQL, respectively. By combining linear and quadratic optomechanical coupling, we show that the displacement sensitivity can be further improved to 9.6 dB below the SQL. Our results have potential applications in gravitational-wave detectors, quantum metrology, and the search for dark matter.
Improvements in precision beyond the limit set by the vacuum state or zero-point fluctuations of the field are reported for two optical experiments. Both experiments employ the squeezed light from an optical parametric oscillator to reduce the level of fluctuations in one of two quadrature phase amplitudes below the shot-noise level (SNL). The first experiment follows the work of Caves1 on precision interferometry with squeezed states. An increase in signal-to-noise of 2.5 dB relative to the SNL is demonstrated for the detection of phase modulation in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In the second experiment amplitude modulation is encoded on a weak signal beam with an acoustooptic modulator. For the case of a squeezed signal beam compared with a beam in a coherent state, an improvement in sensitivity of 2.5 dB is achieved for the detection of amplitude changes of the field. The observed increases in sensitivity in both experiments are currently limited by simple linear losses in propagation and detection and not by the degree of available squeezing.
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a quantum-enhanced fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for low-frequency phase measurement beyond the shot-noise limit using a high-frequency squeezing technique. The local oscillator field is amplitude-modulated in the MHz range and is then demodulated to avoid the technical noise that occurs at low frequencies. After measurement of the phase noise at a frequency of tens of kHz, an improvement of ∼2 dB relative to the shot-noise level is achieved. Additionally, the amplitude modulation depth has no significant effect on the phase noise improvement of the interferometer when deployed in our experimental configuration. The current scheme introduces a quantum technique into the fiber-based measurements, particularly for the low frequency range, and this scheme has potential applications in the high-precision fiber sensing of temperature, strain, and various other parameters.
We investigate the enhancement in sensitivity when measuring a weak force through the optical response of an optomechanical oscillator driven by squeezed light. In the context of a quantum sensor based on cavity-optomechanics, the sensitivity scaling measured by the quantum Fisher information for a squeezed vacuum state pump is compared to that for a coherent state pump. We show that squeezed state inputs can produce noise levels below the standard quantum limit and even the Heisenberg limit in given regimes. This study shows that new pathways can be opened for enhanced quantum sensing with optomechanical systems conducive to measuring various physical quantities such as gravitational force, acceleration, and acoustics.