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arXiv:1108.3963

Statistical ensembles and X-probability

Vladimir A. Skrebnev

Published Aug 17, 2011• 0 citations
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Abstract

We show insurmountable contradictions which arise if statistical ensembles are considered a consequence of the influence of the environment of the physical systems. We regard the multiplicity of states with a definite energy value as a result of internal probabilistic processes in the macrosystem; these internal probabilistic processes are not taken into account by quantum mechanics. On a simple example it is demonstrated, that canonical distribution is not independent and equal to microcanonical one, but is a result of averaging by microcanonical ensemble.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1108.3963

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We show insurmountable contradictions which arise if statistical ensembles are considered a consequence of the influence of the environment of the physical systems. We regard the multiplicity of states with a definite energy value as a result of internal probabilistic processes in the macrosystem; these internal probabilistic processes are not taken into account by quantum mechanics. On a simple example it is demonstrated, that canonical distribution is not independent and equal to microcanonical one, but is a result of averaging by microcanonical ensemble.
The paper discusses the physical groundlessness of the models used for the derivation of canonical distribution and provides the experimental data demonstrating the incompleteness of quantum mechanics. The possibility of using statistical ensembles is presented as a consequence of the existence of probabilistic processes which are not accounted for by quantum mechanics. The paper provides a new analytical derivation of canonical distribution for macrosystems which takes into account subquantum processes. The paper discusses the possibility of the experimental study of a probability which is beyond quantum mechanics.
We propose a new approach to justify the use of the microcanonical ensemble for isolated macroscopic quantum systems. Since there are huge number of independent observables in a macroscopic system, we cannot see all of them. Actually what we observe can be written in a rather simple combination of local observables. Considering this limitation, we show that almost all states in a energy shell are practically indistinguishable from one another, and hence from the microcanonical ensemble. In particular, the expectation value of a macroscopic observable is very close to its microcanonical ensemble average for almost all states.
Classical statistical mechanics tries to derive the macroscopic properties of matter starting from the mechanical laws that rule the behaviour of single particles. To describe equilibrium states, only observables accounting for correlations among states are considered, and only systems consisting of a large number of particles are taken into account. The observables are described by continuous functions on phase space, and the states are represented by linear assignments of a number to each observable. Within the framework of the canonical ensemble, one deals with mechanical systems in thermal equilibrium with a thermal reservoir, and the equilibrium state is reached as a result of the interaction with the external world. The external world may be really external, or equally well, the unrecognized internal degrees of freedom, like in the calculation of viscosity or thermal conductivity. If really only the external world is the cause we may expect some surface dependence while an internal unrecognized degree of freedom would have a volume effect, unless the interactions are long range. The microcanonical ensemble is instead introduced to study isolated mechanical systems, and the equilibrium is viewed as a temporal average, rather than as a limit. Attention is then focused on partition functions, the theorem of equipartition of energy and an elementary theory of specific heats. In the second part, the Planck derivation of the law of black-body radiation is analysed, presenting in chronological order the Kirchhoff theorem, the Stefan law, the Wien displacement law, the Rayleigh–Jeans formula and the Planck hypothesis. Further topics discussed are the Einstein and Debye quantum models for specific heats of solids. These topics prepare the ground for the introduction of quantum statistical mechanics. The third part is, in fact, devoted to the analysis of identical particles in quantum mechanics.
We introduce a stability criterion for quantum statistical ensembles describing macroscopic systems. An ensemble is called "stable" when a small number of local measurements cannot significantly modify the probability distribution of the total energy of the system. We apply this criterion to lattices of spins-1/2, thereby showing that the canonical ensemble is nearly stable, whereas statistical ensembles with much broader energy distributions are not stable. In the context of the foundations of quantum statistical physics, this result justifies the use of statistical ensembles with narrow energy distributions such as canonical or microcanonical ensembles.