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arXiv:1105.5137 · Physical Review X

Hybrid Nanocavity Resonant Enhancement of Color Center Emission in Diamond

Paul E. Barclay, Kai‐Mei C. Fu, Charles Santori, Andrei Faraon, Raymond G. Beausoleil

Published Sep 7, 2011• 88 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Resonantly enhanced emission from the zero-phonon line of a diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in single crystal diamond is demonstrated experimentally using a hybrid whispering gallery mode nanocavity.A 900 nm diameter ring nanocavity formed from gallium phosphide, whose sidewalls extend into a diamond substrate, is tuned onto resonance at a low temperature with the zero-phonon line of a negatively charged NV center implanted near the diamond surface.When the nanocavity is on resonance, the zero-phonon line intensity is enhanced by approximately an order of magnitude, and the spontaneous emission lifetime of the NV is reduced by as much as 18%, corresponding to a 6.3X enhancement of emission in the zero photon line.

DOI
10.1103/physrevx.1.011007

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Resonantly enhanced emission from the zero-phonon line of a diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in single crystal diamond is demonstrated experimentally using a hybrid whispering gallery mode nanocavity.A 900 nm diameter ring nanocavity formed from gallium phosphide, whose sidewalls extend into a diamond substrate, is tuned onto resonance at a low temperature with the zero-phonon line of a negatively charged NV center implanted near the diamond surface.When the nanocavity is on resonance, the zero-phonon line intensity is enhanced by approximately an order of magnitude, and the spontaneous emission lifetime of the NV is reduced by as much as 18%, corresponding to a 6.3X enhancement of emission in the zero photon line.
Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centres in nanodiamonds (NDs) are excellent fluorophores. They find applications in bio-sensing, bio-imaging and as single photon emitters. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of NV centres span over the visible-near IR region (500-900 nm). The spectra consist of temperature-dependent sharp characteristic peaks of neutral and negatively charged NV centres corresponding to Zero Phonon Line (ZPL) transition. When these NV centres are coupled with microcavities, sharp ripple-like resonant modes known as Whispering Gallery Modes (WGMs) are observed in the emission spectra. The time-resolved fluorescence of NV centres are found to be dependent on excitation and emission energies. The fluorescence decay of NV centres reveals the contribution of different charge states. In addition, jet-like structures (photonic nanojet, PNJs) are observed due to the non-resonant interaction of light and NV centre-coupled microcavity. The PNJs have been used to enhance the weak Raman scattering signal.
The realisation of an efficient spin-photon interface using the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centre (NV-) in diamond requires the resonant coupling of the zero phonon line (ZPL) of the centre to an optical microcavity [1]. The cavity serves to encourage emission into the ZPL in preference to the phonon sidebands, and potentially also to increase the homogeneous linewidth via a reduction of the lifetime (the Purcell effect) thus assisting in the generation of indistinguishable photons. Cavity coupling thus has potential to improve by orders of magnitude the speed with which entanglement can be created between spatially remote NV- centres [2], and to enable other mechanisms for realising spin-photon interfaces via non-demolition measurements [3].
Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy ($\mathrm{N}\text{\ensuremath{-}}$${V}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) centers in diamonds have rapidly developed due to their exceptional quantum optical and spin properties at room temperature. However, their applicability is limited by broad phonon-sideband emission with feeble coherent emission at the zero-phonon line (ZPL). This calls for the exploration of photonic cavities to enhance ZPL emission. We propose an easy-to-fabricate hybrid metal-dielectric nanocavity with low mode volume to enhance ZPL emission while suppressing phononic emission channels due to different $\mathrm{N}\text{\ensuremath{-}}$V charge states. We find a 400% enhancement in the emission rate and outcoupling of emitted light at the ZPL with better directivity by deterministic positioning of the $\mathrm{N}\text{\ensuremath{-}}$${V}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ inside the nanocavity, corroborated by numerical simulations. The pump-dependent measurements confirm better emission saturation intensity for the cavity-coupled $\mathrm{N}\text{\ensuremath{-}}$${V}^{\ensuremath{-}}$s. The proposed tunable nanocavity structure can be applied to a broad range of quantum emitters to control their emission so that their use in quantum technologies could be improved.
A key requirement for many applications in solid-state quantum sciences is a high fluence of indistinguishable photons. The spontaneous emission of these photons is governed by the coupling of an excited quantum system to electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations. In our experiment, we enhance this coupling by engineering a tunable Fabry-Perot microcavity. The quantum system we study is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, a workhorse for quantum science and engineering, due to its optical transitions and the coherent electron spin system it hosts. Our device consists of a high-quality, nano-fabricated, single-crystalline diamond membrane bonded to a planar mirror; the cavity is completed by a second, concave mirror. Using piezo positioners, we achieve full spectral and spatial tunability and freedom in selecting NVs with favorable emission properties in our low-temperature (4 Kelvin) experiments. Upon tuning of the cavity into resonance, we find significant enhancement of the 637 nm zero phonon line for several individual NVs which is accompanied by a strong reduction of the overall photoluminescence (PL) lifetime. We infer a 30-fold enhancement of the zero-phonon transition rate at best. The fraction of the PL emission associated to this resonant transition is thereby increased from 3% to 46%. Our results constitute a significant leap on the route towards the implementation of fast long-distance quantum networks, which are currently limited by the photon emission rate in their nodes. Furthermore, our versatile design is readily applicable to other solid-state quantum emitters like color centers in silicon carbide.