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SPIE Nanophotonics

Resonant and non-resonant microcavity effects on nitrogen vacancy centres

Debojyoti Ray Chawdhury, Tulika Agrawal, Prem Ballabh Bisht

Published Apr 5, 2024• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centres in nanodiamonds (NDs) are excellent fluorophores. They find applications in bio-sensing, bio-imaging and as single photon emitters. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of NV centres span over the visible-near IR region (500-900 nm). The spectra consist of temperature-dependent sharp characteristic peaks of neutral and negatively charged NV centres corresponding to Zero Phonon Line (ZPL) transition. When these NV centres are coupled with microcavities, sharp ripple-like resonant modes known as Whispering Gallery Modes (WGMs) are observed in the emission spectra. The time-resolved fluorescence of NV centres are found to be dependent on excitation and emission energies. The fluorescence decay of NV centres reveals the contribution of different charge states. In addition, jet-like structures (photonic nanojet, PNJs) are observed due to the non-resonant interaction of light and NV centre-coupled microcavity. The PNJs have been used to enhance the weak Raman scattering signal.

DOI
10.1117/12.3014208

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Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centres in nanodiamonds (NDs) are excellent fluorophores. They find applications in bio-sensing, bio-imaging and as single photon emitters. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of NV centres span over the visible-near IR region (500-900 nm). The spectra consist of temperature-dependent sharp characteristic peaks of neutral and negatively charged NV centres corresponding to Zero Phonon Line (ZPL) transition. When these NV centres are coupled with microcavities, sharp ripple-like resonant modes known as Whispering Gallery Modes (WGMs) are observed in the emission spectra. The time-resolved fluorescence of NV centres are found to be dependent on excitation and emission energies. The fluorescence decay of NV centres reveals the contribution of different charge states. In addition, jet-like structures (photonic nanojet, PNJs) are observed due to the non-resonant interaction of light and NV centre-coupled microcavity. The PNJs have been used to enhance the weak Raman scattering signal.
The Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centre in diamond possesses an optical read out of its spin state and shows great promise for applications in solid state quantum technologies. Its broad phonon assisted emission spectrum, with only 4% of emission from the zero-phonon line, is a major drawback to this. The optical microcavity will be essential in efficiently interfacing these centres with photonic networks. Here we present investigations into the coupling of NV centres in nanodiamond to tunable open-microcavities, both at room temperature and at cryogenic temperatures. These structures will be shown to achieve good photon confinement, with mode volumes down to 5λ3. Room temperature studies on ensembles of NVs will illustrate the tunable spectral and spatial overlap between the emitter and the cavity mode. It will be shown that small enhancements are possible in this regime. After the preparation and characterisation of single emitters, low temperature coupling to the narrowed zero-phonon line will be the central theme of this thesis. Single photon emission into the cavity mode is verified. We observe the enhancement of the light-matter interaction in this regime, by a 39% increase in the emission rate when cavity-coupled, with the dependence on mode volume also demonstrated. These results are important for the realisation of a spin-photon interface in scalable quantum networks.
The Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centre in diamond possesses an optical read out of its spin state and shows great promise for applications in solid state quantum technologies. Its broad phonon assisted emission spectrum, with only 4p of emission from the zero-phonon line, is a major drawback to this. The optical microcavity will be essential in efficiently interfacing these centres with photonic networks. Here we present investigations into the coupling of NV centres in nanodiamond to tunable open-microcavities, both at room temperature and at cryogenic temperatures. These structures will be shown to achieve good photon confinement, with mode volumes down to 5λ3. Room temperature studies on ensembles of NVs will illustrate the tunable spectral and spatial overlap between the emitter and the cavity mode. It will be shown that small enhancements are possible in this regime. After the preparation and characterisation of single emitters, low temperature coupling to the narrowed zero-phonon line will be the central theme of this thesis. Single photon emission into the cavity mode is verified. We observe the enhancement of the light-matter interaction in this regime, by a 39p increase in the emission rate when cavity-coupled, with the dependence on mode volume also demonstrated. These results are important for the realisation of a spin-photon interface in scalable quantum networks.
Resonantly enhanced emission from the zero-phonon line of a diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in single crystal diamond is demonstrated experimentally using a hybrid whispering gallery mode nanocavity.A 900 nm diameter ring nanocavity formed from gallium phosphide, whose sidewalls extend into a diamond substrate, is tuned onto resonance at a low temperature with the zero-phonon line of a negatively charged NV center implanted near the diamond surface.When the nanocavity is on resonance, the zero-phonon line intensity is enhanced by approximately an order of magnitude, and the spontaneous emission lifetime of the NV is reduced by as much as 18%, corresponding to a 6.3X enhancement of emission in the zero photon line.
Single negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) defect centres in diamond are attractive systems for the implementation of solid state quantum information processing (QIP) and quantum key distribution (QKD). In both approaches, the coupling of an individual NV-centre to a resonant microcavity is of interest: it would improve the optical readout of the NV-centre electron spin state in QIP and enhance the collection efficiency of the single photon fluorescence in QKD while increasing the coherence length of the emission. We theoretically demonstrate that, at room temperature, the coupling to a single-mode Fabry-Perot microcavity can be used to obtain a fluorescence spectrum narrowing without loss of total intensity. We also experimentally demonstrate the control of the fluorescence spectrum of a single NV-centre by adjusting the thickness of the microcavity. Finally, we report a doubling of the emission spectral density with respect to the single mirror configuration.
The realisation of an efficient spin-photon interface using the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centre (NV-) in diamond requires the resonant coupling of the zero phonon line (ZPL) of the centre to an optical microcavity [1]. The cavity serves to encourage emission into the ZPL in preference to the phonon sidebands, and potentially also to increase the homogeneous linewidth via a reduction of the lifetime (the Purcell effect) thus assisting in the generation of indistinguishable photons. Cavity coupling thus has potential to improve by orders of magnitude the speed with which entanglement can be created between spatially remote NV- centres [2], and to enable other mechanisms for realising spin-photon interfaces via non-demolition measurements [3].
The Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centre is a point defect consisting of a nitrogen-vacancy lattice pair embedded in diamond. The NV centre has two stable charge states, the neutral charge state and the (NV0) and the negatively charged state (NV-) with photo induced interconversion between these two states [1]. The NV centre is an intensively studied material that has shown a wide range of applications in both Physics and Biology due to its high stability and interesting optical properties. Applications ranging from imaging and tracking biological structures, to nanoscale sensing, to applications in highly controlled quantum experiments have all been realised using these centres [2, 3]. However, these applications rely only on the NV-charge stage and often neglect the effects of the neutral charge state. As a result the NV0charge state has not received the same level of study as the NV-state and the effects of the interconversion between the two states are poorly understood, even though it can have a significant effect on the emitted fluorescence.