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Physical Review Applied

Enhancing N - V − -center coherent emission using the weak-coupling regime of a hybrid metal-dielectric architecture

Nitesh Singh, Drisha Sehgal, Ananth Venkatesan, Rajesh V. Nair

Published Dec 18, 2024• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy ($\mathrm{N}\text{\ensuremath{-}}$${V}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) centers in diamonds have rapidly developed due to their exceptional quantum optical and spin properties at room temperature. However, their applicability is limited by broad phonon-sideband emission with feeble coherent emission at the zero-phonon line (ZPL). This calls for the exploration of photonic cavities to enhance ZPL emission. We propose an easy-to-fabricate hybrid metal-dielectric nanocavity with low mode volume to enhance ZPL emission while suppressing phononic emission channels due to different $\mathrm{N}\text{\ensuremath{-}}$V charge states. We find a 400% enhancement in the emission rate and outcoupling of emitted light at the ZPL with better directivity by deterministic positioning of the $\mathrm{N}\text{\ensuremath{-}}$${V}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ inside the nanocavity, corroborated by numerical simulations. The pump-dependent measurements confirm better emission saturation intensity for the cavity-coupled $\mathrm{N}\text{\ensuremath{-}}$${V}^{\ensuremath{-}}$s. The proposed tunable nanocavity structure can be applied to a broad range of quantum emitters to control their emission so that their use in quantum technologies could be improved.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.22.064069

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Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (\mathrm{N}\text{\ensuremath{-}}$${V}^{\ensuremath{-}}) centers in diamonds have rapidly developed due to their exceptional quantum optical and spin properties at room temperature. However, their applicability is limited by broad phonon-sideband emission with feeble coherent emission at the zero-phonon line (ZPL). This calls for the exploration of photonic cavities to enhance ZPL emission. We propose an easy-to-fabricate hybrid metal-dielectric nanocavity with low mode volume to enhance ZPL emission while suppressing phononic emission channels due to different N\ensuremath-\mathrm{N}\text{\ensuremath{-}}N\ensuremath-V charge states. We find a 400% enhancement in the emission rate and outcoupling of emitted light at the ZPL with better directivity by deterministic positioning of the \mathrm{N}\text{\ensuremath{-}}$${V}^{\ensuremath{-}} inside the nanocavity, corroborated by numerical simulations. The pump-dependent measurements confirm better emission saturation intensity for the cavity-coupled \mathrm{N}\text{\ensuremath{-}}$${V}^{\ensuremath{-}}s. The proposed tunable nanocavity structure can be applied to a broad range of quantum emitters to control their emission so that their use in quantum technologies could be improved.
The negatively charged nitrogen vacancy center (NV) in diamond has generated significant interest as a platform for quantum information processing and sensing in the solid state. For most applications, high quality optical cavities are required to enhance the NV zero-phonon line (ZPL) emission. An outstanding challenge in maximizing the degree of NV-cavity coupling is the deterministic placement of NVs within the cavity. Here, we report photonic crystal nanobeam cavities coupled to NVs incorporated by a delta-doping technique that allows nanometer-scale vertical positioning of the emitters. We demonstrate cavities with Q up to ∼24 000 and mode volume V ∼ 0.47(λ/n)3 as well as resonant enhancement of the ZPL of an NV ensemble with Purcell factor of ∼20. Our fabrication technique provides a first step towards deterministic NV-cavity coupling using spatial control of the emitters.
Resonantly enhanced emission from the zero-phonon line of a diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in single crystal diamond is demonstrated experimentally using a hybrid whispering gallery mode nanocavity.A 900 nm diameter ring nanocavity formed from gallium phosphide, whose sidewalls extend into a diamond substrate, is tuned onto resonance at a low temperature with the zero-phonon line of a negatively charged NV center implanted near the diamond surface.When the nanocavity is on resonance, the zero-phonon line intensity is enhanced by approximately an order of magnitude, and the spontaneous emission lifetime of the NV is reduced by as much as 18%, corresponding to a 6.3X enhancement of emission in the zero photon line.
Recently, the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center has emerged as a deterministic single-photon source at room temperature. However, the presence of phonon sideband emission limits the use of NV centers in various quantum optical applications. Here we report a novel way to suppress the phonon sideband emission of NV centers aided with the enhancement of zero phonon line intensity using photonic crystals at room temperature. We study the photonic stop gap mediated charge state conversion in NV centers. The enhancement of phonon sideband emission from the same structures by implementing a different measurement geometry is also discussed. The studies open new avenues in studying the NV center-based quantum nanophotonics and biophotonics.
The Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centre in diamond possesses an optical read out of its spin state and shows great promise for applications in solid state quantum technologies. Its broad phonon assisted emission spectrum, with only 4% of emission from the zero-phonon line, is a major drawback to this. The optical microcavity will be essential in efficiently interfacing these centres with photonic networks. Here we present investigations into the coupling of NV centres in nanodiamond to tunable open-microcavities, both at room temperature and at cryogenic temperatures. These structures will be shown to achieve good photon confinement, with mode volumes down to 5λ3. Room temperature studies on ensembles of NVs will illustrate the tunable spectral and spatial overlap between the emitter and the cavity mode. It will be shown that small enhancements are possible in this regime. After the preparation and characterisation of single emitters, low temperature coupling to the narrowed zero-phonon line will be the central theme of this thesis. Single photon emission into the cavity mode is verified. We observe the enhancement of the light-matter interaction in this regime, by a 39% increase in the emission rate when cavity-coupled, with the dependence on mode volume also demonstrated. These results are important for the realisation of a spin-photon interface in scalable quantum networks.
The Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centre in diamond possesses an optical read out of its spin state and shows great promise for applications in solid state quantum technologies. Its broad phonon assisted emission spectrum, with only 4p of emission from the zero-phonon line, is a major drawback to this. The optical microcavity will be essential in efficiently interfacing these centres with photonic networks. Here we present investigations into the coupling of NV centres in nanodiamond to tunable open-microcavities, both at room temperature and at cryogenic temperatures. These structures will be shown to achieve good photon confinement, with mode volumes down to 5λ3. Room temperature studies on ensembles of NVs will illustrate the tunable spectral and spatial overlap between the emitter and the cavity mode. It will be shown that small enhancements are possible in this regime. After the preparation and characterisation of single emitters, low temperature coupling to the narrowed zero-phonon line will be the central theme of this thesis. Single photon emission into the cavity mode is verified. We observe the enhancement of the light-matter interaction in this regime, by a 39p increase in the emission rate when cavity-coupled, with the dependence on mode volume also demonstrated. These results are important for the realisation of a spin-photon interface in scalable quantum networks.
The realisation of an efficient spin-photon interface using the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centre (NV-) in diamond requires the resonant coupling of the zero phonon line (ZPL) of the centre to an optical microcavity [1]. The cavity serves to encourage emission into the ZPL in preference to the phonon sidebands, and potentially also to increase the homogeneous linewidth via a reduction of the lifetime (the Purcell effect) thus assisting in the generation of indistinguishable photons. Cavity coupling thus has potential to improve by orders of magnitude the speed with which entanglement can be created between spatially remote NV- centres [2], and to enable other mechanisms for realising spin-photon interfaces via non-demolition measurements [3].