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arXiv:1103.2716 · Physical Review B

Probing of single quantum dot dressed states via an off-resonant cavity

Arka Majumdar, Alexander T. Papageorge, Erik D. Kim, Michal Bajcsy, Hyochul Kim, Pierre M. Petroff, Jelena Vuckovic A

Published Aug 22, 2011• 30 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In recent experiments on coupled quantum dot (QD) optical cavity systems, a pronounced interaction between the dot and the cavity has been observed even for detunings of many cavity linewidths. This interaction has been attributed to an incoherent phonon-mediated scattering process and is absent in atomic systems. Here, we demonstrate that despite its incoherent nature, this process preserves the signatures of coherent interaction between a QD and a strong driving laser, which may be observed via the optical emission from the off-resonant cavity. Under bichromatic driving of the QD, the cavity emission exhibits spectral features consistent with optical dressing of the QD transition. These cavity emission measurements are more akin to absorption measurements of a strongly driven QD rather than resonance fluorescence measurements. In addition to revealing new aspects of the off-resonant QD-cavity interaction, this result provides a new, simpler means of coherently probing QDs and opens the possibility of employing off-resonant cavities to optically interface QD nodes in quantum networks.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.84.085310

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In recent experiments on coupled quantum dot (QD) optical cavity systems, a pronounced interaction between the dot and the cavity has been observed even for detunings of many cavity linewidths. This interaction has been attributed to an incoherent phonon-mediated scattering process and is absent in atomic systems. Here, we demonstrate that despite its incoherent nature, this process preserves the signatures of coherent interaction between a QD and a strong driving laser, which may be observed via the optical emission from the off-resonant cavity. Under bichromatic driving of the QD, the cavity emission exhibits spectral features consistent with optical dressing of the QD transition. These cavity emission measurements are more akin to absorption measurements of a strongly driven QD rather than resonance fluorescence measurements. In addition to revealing new aspects of the off-resonant QD-cavity interaction, this result provides a new, simpler means of coherently probing QDs and opens the possibility of employing off-resonant cavities to optically interface QD nodes in quantum networks.
We theoretically study the bichromatic driving of a solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) system as a means of probing cavity dressed state transitions and observing the coherent interaction between the system and the light field. We show that this method can enable the observation of the higher order cavity dressed states, supersplitting and ac-Stark shift in a solid-state system comprised of a quantum dot (QD) strongly coupled to a photonic crystal cavity for the on- and far off-resonant cases. For the off-resonant case, phonons mediate off-resonant coupling between the QD and the photonic resonator, a phenomenon unique to solid-state cavity QED.
We demonstrate the simultaneous dressing of both vacuum-to-exciton and exciton-to-biexciton transitions of a single semiconductor quantum dot in a high-Q micropillar cavity, using photoluminescence spectroscopy. Resonant two-photon excitation of the biexciton is achieved by spectrally tuning the quantum dot emission with respect to the cavity mode. The cavity couples to both transitions and amplifies the Rabi frequency of the likewise resonant continuous wave laser, driving the transitions. We observe strong-field splitting of the emission lines, which depend on the driving Rabi field amplitude and the cavity-laser detuning. A dressed state theory of a driven 4-level atom correctly predicts the distinct spectral transitions observed in the emission spectrum, and a detailed description of the emission spectra is further provided through a polaron master equation approach which accounts for cavity coupling and acoustic phonon interactions of the semiconductor medium.
E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA(Dated: March 2011)Off-resonant coupling between a quantum dot and a photonic resonator is a phenomenon uniqueto solid state cavity quantum electrodynamics. We theoretically show that the spectral lineshapeof the emission of a cavity off-resonantly coupled to a quantum dot under bichromatic resonantexcitation can be used to observe signatures of the dressing of the quantum dot. This incoherentchannel provides a convenient means of observing the effects of coherent interaction between thequantum dot and the resonant light field at a wavelength that is spectrally detuned from both.I. INTRODUCTION
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are commonly considered as artificial atoms due to the 3D confinement of the electrons. These nanostructures are very promising for the realization of integrated devices such as single photon sources for quantum cryptography applications [1,2]. However, contrarily to genuine atoms, QDs are condensed matter systems and they consequently suffer from the coupling to their environment [3] which degrades the quality of the emitted photons in view of quantum cryptography applications. One way to circumvent this coupling is to excite strictly resonantly the QD at low temperature [4-10]. This difficult task has been achieved by designing an original excitation scheme to spatially decouple the excitation and detection paths. We first report that experimental studies of the resonant emission (RE) of single QDs can be strongly limited, even impossible, since most of the QDs show a very strong quenching of the RE of the fundamental transition. This issue is a broadly met experimental situation which is highly problematic for cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments in single QDs. We propose an efficient way to overcome this issue based on the use of an ultra-weak non-resonant laser that optically gates the QD RE [8] which controls the residual doping inherent to the QDs fabrication. It induces a complete recovery of the properties of an artificial atom, and the single QDs behave as quasi-ideal two-level systems. Up to now [7,9], the measurements on the QDs RE reported in the literature mainly focus on the incoherent fluorescence signal for achieving efficient single photon emission. In this regime, the spectrum linewidth is always limited to the radiative limit. We present experimental studies on the coherent laser light scattering by a single QD [7]. Besides the antibunching effect showing the non-classical nature of the emitted light, we observe that the QD emission spectrum is determined by the spectrum of the resonant excitation laser. By reducing the resonant excitation power, the so-called Mollow triplet shrinks to a single narrow Lorentzian line, while the relative intensity of this narrow peak increases and tends to overwhelm the RE spectrum. This implies that single QDs can produce single photons with a coherence time that is not limited anymore by the QD electronic properties, resulting in what we name an " ultra-coherent " character [7]. In conclusion, the resulting ultra-coherent single photon source promises high degrees of indistinguishability of the emitted photons which is a crucial requirement for quantum information applications. References [1] P. Michler et al., Science 290 (2000). [6] S. Ates et al., PRL 103 (2009). [2] C. Santori et al., Nature 419 (2002). [7] H. S. Nguyen et al., APL 99 (2011). [3] A. Berthelot et al., Nat. Phys. 2 (2006). [8] H. S. Nguyen et al., PRL 108 (2012). [4] A. Muller et al., PRL 99 (2007). [9] C. Matthiesen et al., PRL 1082 (2012). [5] R. Melet et al., PRB 78 (2008). [10] A. Reinhard et al., Nat. Phot. 6 (2012).
The Jaynes–Cummings (JC) model has been the theoretical workhorse for understanding cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) and for exploring multiphoton effects caused by the quantization of light. Today, it is an indispensable tool used to describe a variety of quantum optical systems, including semiconductor quantum-dot (QD) cavities, atoms in cavities, and superconducting circuits. Unfortunately, dissipation in many cavity-QED systems, especially QD structures, can strongly inhibit any direct spectral features of higher lying photon states and their spectral anharmonicities. In this work, we introduce a strategy to directly access and probe these multiphoton states and show that they can be directly observed even in the presence of a significant amount of dissipation. Our excitation scheme employs off-resonant excitation of a coupled QD cavity system using a nonlinear coherent drive, and the computed fluorescence spectra demonstrate the feasibility of the direct spectroscopic observation of higher rungs of the JC ladder using realistic QD cavity systems.