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arXiv:0811.0736 · Applied Physics Letters

Single shot measurement of a silicon single electron transistor

D. G. Hasko, T. Ferrus, Q. Morrissey, S. R. Burge, E. J. Freeman, Marcus J. French, A. Lam, L. Creswell, R.J. Collier, D. A. Williams, G. Andrew D. Briggs

Published Nov 10, 2008• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We have fabricated a custom cryogenic complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuit that has a higher measurement bandwidth compared to conventional room temperature electronics. This allowed implementing single shot operations and observe the real-time evolution of the current of a phosphorus-doped silicon single electron transistor that was irradiated with a microwave pulse. Relaxation times up to 90μs are observed, suggesting the presence of well isolated electron excitations within the device. It is expected that these are associated with long decoherence time and the device may be suitable for quantum information processing.

DOI
10.1063/1.3028344

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We have fabricated a custom cryogenic complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuit that has a higher measurement bandwidth compared to conventional room temperature electronics. This allowed implementing single shot operations and observe the real-time evolution of the current of a phosphorus-doped silicon single electron transistor that was irradiated with a microwave pulse. Relaxation times up to 90μs are observed, suggesting the presence of well isolated electron excitations within the device. It is expected that these are associated with long decoherence time and the device may be suitable for quantum information processing.
A major problem of usual current measurement setup is the severe limitations on the bandwidth due to room temperature electronics. This restricts the practical measurement rate to below 10 Hz and makes impossible to observe the evolution of a quantum state in real time. Here we describe a measurement on a silicon single electron transistor (SET) carried out using a custom CMOS measurement circuit in close proximity to the device under test. Both the device and the CMOS circuit are maintained in the same cryogenic environment. Quantum mechanical states in the single electron transistor (SET) were mapped by continuous microwave spectroscopy. The real time evolution of a particularly long lived quantum mechanical state was observed in a single shot measurement, made possible by the much faster measurement rate. This technique will shortly be applied to the measurement of coherent states in a charge qubit device made of a silicon double dot.
We present a realization of high bandwidth instrumentation at cryogenic temperatures and for dilution refrigerator operation that possesses advantages over methods using radio frequency single electron transistor or transimpedance amplifiers. The ability for the low temperature electronics to carry out faster measurements than with room temperature electronics is investigated by the use of a phosphorous-doped single electron transistor. A single shot technique is successfully implemented and used to observe the real-time decay of a quantum state. A discussion on various measurement strategies is presented and the consequences on electron heating and noise are analyzed.
The Single Electron Transistor holds the potential to be a suitable readout device for future solid-state quantum computers. The low temperature measurement results of a 0.5 μm Silicon-On-Sapphire CMOS circuit designed to interface with a Single Electron Transistor are presented. Careful design of the experimental set-up is critical for conducting the circuit test and performance measurements at cryogenic temperatures. The circuit operates at 4 K and achieves single-shot readout with a resolution in the order of one nanoampere. A detection delay as low as 1.5 μs is recorded while dissipating only 20-30 μW power.
We describe the development of a novel silicon quantum bit (qubit) device architecture that involves using materials that are compatible with a Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) 0.35 mum complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process intended to operate at 100 mK. We describe how the qubit structure can be integrated with CMOS electronics, which is believed to have advantages for critical functions like fast single electron electrometry for readout compared to current approaches using radio frequency techniques. Critical materials properties are reviewed and preliminary characterization of the SNL CMOS devices at 4.2 K is presented.
Abstract The most promising quantum algorithms require quantum processors that host millions of quantum bits when targeting practical applications1. A key challenge towards large-scale quantum computation is the interconnect complexity. In current solid-state qubit implementations, an important interconnect bottleneck appears between the quantum chip in a dilution refrigerator and the room-temperature electronics. Advanced lithography supports the fabrication of both control electronics and qubits in silicon using technology compatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS)2. When the electronics are designed to operate at cryogenic temperatures, they can ultimately be integrated with the qubits on the same die or package, overcoming the ‘wiring bottleneck’3–6. Here we report a cryogenic CMOS control chip operating at 3 kelvin, which outputs tailored microwave bursts to drive silicon quantum bits cooled to 20 millikelvin. We first benchmark the control chip and find an electrical performance consistent with qubit operations of 99.99 per cent fidelity, assuming ideal qubits. Next, we use it to coherently control actual qubits encoded in the spin of single electrons confined in silicon quantum dots7–9 and find that the cryogenic control chip achieves the same fidelity as commercial instruments at room temperature. Furthermore, we demonstrate the capabilities of the control chip by programming a number of benchmarking protocols, as well as the Deutsch–Josza algorithm10, on a two-qubit quantum processor. These results open up the way towards a fully integrated, scalable silicon-based quantum computer.
We use a cryogenic high-electron-mobility transistor circuit to amplify the current from a single electron transistor, allowing for demonstration of single shot readout of an electron spin on a single P donor in Si with 100 kHz bandwidth and a signal to noise ratio of ∼9. In order to reduce the impact of cable capacitance, the amplifier is located adjacent to the Si sample, at the mixing chamber stage of a dilution refrigerator. For a current gain of ∼2.7×103, the power dissipation of the amplifier is 13 μW, the bandwidth is ∼1.3 MHz, and for frequencies above 300 kHz the current noise referred to input is ≤70 fA/Hz. With this amplification scheme, we are able to observe coherent oscillations of a P donor electron spin in isotopically enriched 28Si with 96% visibility.