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arXiv:quant-ph/9708014 · Physical Review Letters

Output of a Pulsed Atom Laser

H. Steck, M. Naraschewski, Hartmut Wallis

Published Jan 5, 1998• 69 citations
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Abstract

We study the output properties of a pulsed atom laser consisting of an interacting Bose-Einstein condensate in a magnetic trap and an additional rf field transferring atoms to an untrapped Zeeman sublevel. For weak output coupling we calculate the dynamics of the decaying condensate population, of its chemical potential, and the velocity of the output atoms analytically.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.80.1

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We study the output properties of a pulsed atom laser consisting of an interacting Bose-Einstein condensate in a magnetic trap and an additional rf field transferring atoms to an untrapped Zeeman sublevel. For weak output coupling we calculate the dynamics of the decaying condensate population, of its chemical potential, and the velocity of the output atoms analytically.
We present a theory to derive the output rate of an atom laser consisting of an interacting Bose-Einstein condensate in a magnetic trap and two additional rf fields transferring trapped atoms to a repelled Zeeman sublevel via an intermediate untrapped Zeeman sublevel. We explicitly obtain the dependence of the output rate ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\mathrm{out}}$ on various characteristic parameters such as a coupling parameter (the Rabi frequency), the atom number density in the center of the condensate, and the strength of the atom-atom interaction.
We demonstrate a continuous output coupler for magnetically trapped atoms. Over a period of up to 100 ms, a collimated and monoenergetic beam of atoms is continuously extracted from a Bose-Einstein condensate. The intensity and kinetic energy of the output beam of this atom laser are controlled by a weak rf field that induces spin flips between trapped and untrapped states. Furthermore, the output coupler is used to perform a spectroscopic measurement of the condensate, which reveals the spatial distribution of the magnetically trapped condensate and allows manipulation of the condensate on a micrometer scale.
Atom lasers based on rf outcoupling from a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate can be described by a set of generalized, coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations (GPEs). If not only one but two radio frequencies are used for outcoupling, the atoms emerging from the trap have two different energies and the total wave function of the untrapped spin state is a coherent superposition which leads to a pulsed atomic beam. We present results for such a situation obtained from a one-dimensional GPE model for magnetically trapped 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb in the F=1F=1F=1 state. The wave function of the atomic beam can be approximated by a sum of two Airy functions. In the limit of weak coupling we calculate the intensity analytically.