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Physical Review Letters

Output Coupler for Bose-Einstein Condensed Atoms

M.‐O. Mewes, Michael R. Andrews, Dan Stamper-Kurn, Dallin Durfee, C. G. Townsend, Wolfgang Ketterle

Published Jan 27, 1997• 766 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have demonstrated an output coupler for Bose condensed atoms in a magnetic trap. Short pulses of rf radiation were used to create Bose condensates in a superposition of trapped and untrapped hyperfine states. The fraction of out-coupled atoms was adjusted between 0% and 100% by varying the amplitude of the rf radiation. This configuration produces output pulses of coherent atoms and can be regarded as a pulsed ``atom laser.''

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.78.582

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Communications in Theoretical Physics•Dec 15, 2000•0 citations
We have demonstrated an output coupler for Bose condensed atoms in a magnetic trap. Short pulses of rf radiation were used to create Bose condensates in a superposition of trapped and untrapped hyperfine states. The fraction of out-coupled atoms was adjusted between 0% and 100% by varying the amplitude of the rf radiation. This configuration produces output pulses of coherent atoms and can be regarded as a pulsed ``atom laser.''
We demonstrate a continuous output coupler for magnetically trapped atoms. Over a period of up to 100 ms, a collimated and monoenergetic beam of atoms is continuously extracted from a Bose-Einstein condensate. The intensity and kinetic energy of the output beam of this atom laser are controlled by a weak rf field that induces spin flips between trapped and untrapped states. Furthermore, the output coupler is used to perform a spectroscopic measurement of the condensate, which reveals the spatial distribution of the magnetically trapped condensate and allows manipulation of the condensate on a micrometer scale.
A linear quantum dynamic theory for output coupler of Bose–Einstein condensed atoms in a trap is considered with the Bogoliubov approximation in the thermodynamical limit based on the recent MIT experiment ( Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (1997) 582) for atomic laser. In evolution of total system, the solution of the many-body problem shows a factorization of dynamic process, i.e., the wave function initially prepared in a direct product of a vacuum state and a coherent state remains in a direct product of coherent states at any instance. Physically, this factorizable structure predicts that an ideal condensate in the trap will remain in such a condensate state after the radiation frequency interaction while the output-coupler pulse of atoms forms a macroscopic quantum state in a propagating mode, i.e., the atomic laser.
We present a novel, ultra-bright atom laser and an ultra-cold thermal atom beam. Using rf-radiation we strongly couple the magnetic hyperfine levels of 87 Rb atoms in a trapped Bose–Einstein condensate. The resulting time-dependent adiabatic potential forms a trap, which at low rf-frequencies opens just below the condensate and thus allows an extremely bright well-collimated atom laser beam to emerge. As opposed to traditional atom lasers based on weak coupling of the magnetic hyperfine levels, this technique allows us to outcouple atoms at an arbitrarily large rate. We achieve a flux of 4 × 10 7 atom s -1 , a seven fold increase compared to the brightest atom lasers to date. Furthermore, we demonstrate by two orders of magnitude the coldest thermal atom beam (200 nK).
We present a generalized two-state theory to study the output coupler for Bose-Einstein condensate atoms and its interference. The results show that the fraction of out-coupled atoms can be adjusted between 0% and 100% by varying the amplitude of the rf. radiation, and the interference patterns of the two coherent outputs that are coupled out of a double-well trapped potential vary with time. Moreover, we study the influence of atom-atom interactions on the output Tn contrast with the case without atom-atom interactions, collapses and revivals appear in the number of the output atoms.