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arXiv:quant-ph/0703201

Covariant path integral formalism of relativistic quantum mechanics along proper time

Hua-Yun Geng

Published Mar 22, 2007• 0 citations
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Abstract

A space-time symmetric and explicitly Lorentz covariant path integral formalism of relativistic quantum mechanics is proposed, which produces partial locally correlations of quantum processes of massive particles with the velocity of light at low energy limits. A superluminal correlation is also possible if anti-particles that moving along reverse time direction are excited. This provides a new point of view to interpret EPR experiments, also leaks a light of hope for hidden variable theories.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0703201

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A space-time symmetric and explicitly Lorentz covariant path integral formalism of relativistic quantum mechanics is proposed, which produces partial locally correlations of quantum processes of massive particles with the velocity of light at low energy limits. A superluminal correlation is also possible if anti-particles that moving along reverse time direction are excited. This provides a new point of view to interpret EPR experiments, also leaks a light of hope for hidden variable theories.
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We demonstrate how to construct a Lorentz-invariant, hidden-variable interpretation of relativistic quantum mechanics based on particle trajectories. The covariant theory that we propose employs a multi-time formalism and a Lorentz-invariant rule for the coordination of the spacetime points on the individual particle trajectories. In this way we show that there is no contradiction between non-locality and Lorentz-invariance in quantum mechanics. The approach is illustrated for relativistic bosons, using a simple model to discuss the individual non-locally correlated particle motion which ensues when the wavefunction is entangled. A simple example of measurement is described.
A novel theory is outlined for describing the dynamics of relativistic electrons and positrons.By introducing the Lorentz-invariant universal time as a fifth independent variable, the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism of classical mechanics is extended from three to four spatial dimensions.This approach allows one to incorporate gravitation and spin interactions in the extended fivedimensional Lagrangian in a covariant form.The universal time has the function of a hidden Bell parameter.By employing the method of variation with respect to the four coordinates of the particle and the components of the electromagnetic field, the path equation and the electromagnetic field produced by the charge and the spin of the moving particle are derived.In addition the covariant equations for the dynamics of the components of the spin tensor are obtained.These equations can be transformed to the familiar BMT equation in the case of homogeneous electromagnetic fields.The quantization of the five-dimensional Hamilton-Jacobi equation yields a five-dimensional spinor wave equation, which degenerates to the Dirac equation in the stationary case if we neglect gravitation.The quantity which corresponds to the probability density of standard quantum mechanics is the four-dimensional mass density which has a real physical meaning.By means of the Green method the wave equation is transformed into an integral equation enabling a covariant relativistic path integral formulation.Using this approach a very accurate approximation for the four-dimensional propagator is derived.The proposed formalism makes Dirac's hole theory obsolete and can readily be extended to many particles.
ABSTRACT The emergence of quantum entanglement correlations across spatially separated measurement regions renders the interpretation of the relationship between quantum mechanics and relativistic causality a core problem in quantum foundations [Einstein et al., 1935; Bell, 1964]. In this study, two entangled particles are modeled not as two independent physical objects in Minkowski spacetime, but as a joint quantum state in configuration space. The relative space and time coordinates of the joint state are defined via: and the ideal space-time correlation limit assumed in the model is expressed as: This limit is not a general definition of quantum entanglement, but an idealized geometric assumption representing strong correlation in the relative coordinates of the joint state within the proposed model. In this approach, physical spacetime is treated as a geometric structure representing the projection of the joint quantum state onto observable spacetime coordinates. To ensure the projection is Lorentz-covariant, the light-like interval: is employed as the constitutive geometric condition of the model. This condition is accepted not as a mandatory Minkowski interval between physical measurement events, but as the mathematical postulate of the proposed projection geometry. The dynamic scale parameter of the model is grounded in total relativistic quantum energy instead of rest mass, establishing a dimensionless Planck-scaling factor defined as: To encompass both massive and massless systems, quantum energy density is defined via the energy density component of the stress-energy tensor relative to an observer. The required consistency condition for covariant energy-momentum conservation is derived in its general form. Furthermore, modeling the proposed geometric effect as a dimensionless metric perturbation yields a phenomenological first-order geometric phase correction defined as: where is the energy-dependent reduced wavelength. Under fixed and finite , the vanishing of the proposed correction in the low-energy regime relative to the Planck scale () demonstrates that the geometric effect added by the model to standard low-energy quantum mechanics becomes negligible. This study proposes a testable theoretical model aimed at explaining the spatiotemporal correlations of quantum entanglement within a Lorentz-covariant, energy-scaled, and phenomenological geometric framework.
The simple physics of a free particle reveals important features of the path-integral formulation of relativistic quantum theories. The exact quantum-mechanical propagator is calculated here for a particle described by the simple relativistic action proportional to its proper time. This propagator is nonvanishing outside the light cone, implying that spacelike trajectories must be included in the path integral. The propagator matches the WKB approximation to the corresponding configuration-space path integral far from the light cone; outside the light cone that approximation consists of the contribution from a single spacelike geodesic. This propagator also has the unusual property that its short-time limit does not coincide with the WKB approximation, making the construction of a concrete skeletonized version of the path integral more complicated than in nonrelativistic theory.