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arXiv:quant-ph/0409008

Experimental teleportation of quantum entanglement with an optimal linear optics Bell-state analyzer

Thomas D. Jennewein, Rupert Ursin, Markus Aspelmeyer, Anton Zeilinger

Published Sep 1, 2004• 0 citations
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Abstract

We demonstrate an experiment on entanglement swapping using an optimal Bell-state measurement capable of identifying two of the four Bell-states for polarization entangled photons, which is the optimum with linear optical elements. The two final photons belong to separately created paris. They are entangled after their original partner photons have been subjected to the Bell state measurement, whose outcome determines the type of entanglement of the final photon pair. The resulting violation of Bell's inequality in both cases confirms the success of the teleportation protocol.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0409008

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We demonstrate an experiment on entanglement swapping using an optimal Bell-state measurement capable of identifying two of the four Bell-states for polarization entangled photons, which is the optimum with linear optical elements. The two final photons belong to separately created paris. They are entangled after their original partner photons have been subjected to the Bell state measurement, whose outcome determines the type of entanglement of the final photon pair. The resulting violation of Bell's inequality in both cases confirms the success of the teleportation protocol.
We demonstrate entanglement swapping of polarization entangled photons using an interferometric Bell-state measurement operating at the theoretical limit of 50% efficiency capable of identifying two of the four Bell states. Our experiment represents the highest quality of entanglement swapping so far, with the correlations of the final entangled states showing an overlap fidelity with the ideal Bell states of F = 0.892, and a violation Bell's inequality for both swapped entangled states. In order to achieve this high-quality operation we have optimized various experimental error sources of our setup including the quality of optical elements, as well as the constraints due to the coherence and the group-velocity mismatch of the pump and down-conversion photons. Our results are relevant for experiments that involve interferences of independent photons and pulsed multi-photon states, such as in quantum computing, quantum metrology and quantum communication with quantum repeaters.
We report on the usage of a linear optics phase gate for distinguishing all four Bell states simultaneously in a quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping protocol. This is demonstrated by full-state tomography of the one- and two-qubit output states of the two protocols, yielding average state fidelities of about 0.83 and 0.77, respectively. In addition, the performance of the teleportation channel is characterized by the quantum process tomography. The non-classical properties of the entanglement swapping output states are further confirmed by the violation of a CHSH-type Bell inequality of 2.14 on average.
We report on the usage of a linear optics phase gate for distinguishing all four Bell states simultaneously in a quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping protocol. This is demonstrated by full state tomography of the one and two qubit output states of the two protocols, yielding average state fidelities of about 0.83 and 0.77, respectively. In addition, the performance of the teleportation channel is characterised by quantum process tomography. The non classical properties of the entanglement swapping output states are further confirmed by the violation of a CHSH-type Bell inequality of 2.14 on average.
We review and compare Bell-state measurement and quantum teleportation schemes using linear optics with three different types of resources, i.e., two-photon pairs, entangled coherent states and hybrid entangled states. Remarkably, perfect teleportation with linear optics is possible in principle based on a hybrid approach that combines two-photon pairs and entangled coherent states. It turns out that hybrid approach allows to perform Bell-state measurement and local Pauli operations in a deterministic way, while it requires photon number resolving measurements.
We present an overview of the method for generating entangled photon pairs via spontaneous parametric down conversion and the experimental method of detecting entangled states or Bell-states with the use of photon statistics, the two key systems required to realize quantum state teleportation and other related experiments. As a proof of the quantum nature of teleportation we performed an entanglement swapping experiment, where the teleported state itself was entangled. The experiment clearly showed that the entanglement survived the teleportation, as the quantum correlations of the teleported photon violated Bell's inequality.
Quantum teleportation strikingly underlines the peculiar features of the quantum world. We present an experimental proof of its quantum nature, teleporting an entangled photon with such high quality that the nonlocal quantum correlations with its original partner photon are preserved. This procedure is also known as entanglement swapping. The nonlocality is confirmed by observing a violation of Bell's inequality by 4.5 standard deviations. Thus, by demonstrating quantum nonlocality for photons that never interacted, our results directly confirm the quantum nature of teleportation.