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arXiv:quant-ph/0201134 · Physical Review Letters

Experimental Nonlocality Proof of Quantum Teleportation and Entanglement Swapping

Thomas D. Jennewein, Gregor Weihs, Jian-Wei Pan, Anton Zeilinger

Published Dec 18, 2001• 277 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum teleportation strikingly underlines the peculiar features of the quantum world. We present an experimental proof of its quantum nature, teleporting an entangled photon with such high quality that the nonlocal quantum correlations with its original partner photon are preserved. This procedure is also known as entanglement swapping. The nonlocality is confirmed by observing a violation of Bell's inequality by 4.5 standard deviations. Thus, by demonstrating quantum nonlocality for photons that never interacted, our results directly confirm the quantum nature of teleportation.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.88.017903

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Comment on ``Experimental Nonlocality Proof of Quantum Teleportation and Entanglement Swapping''

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In quant-ph/0201134 Jennewein et al. report experiments demonstrating entanglement swapping under various conditions. In one instance, they claim to have exhibited Bell inequality violations by a pair of photons prior to performing any entangling operations on the pair. However, the Bell inequality violation results in this case from post-selection of the data, not from quantum non-locality.

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Entangled quantum systems can connect to the environment via a Bell state measurement. This applies, for example, to teleportation and entanglement swapping. Although the results are well understood, it is not entirely clear whether they involve nonlocal action or whether they are predetermined. This can best be decided from a model, provided it predicts the key measurement results. Models based on the fact that the partners of an entangled pair have the same value of a statistical parameter cannot be applied here. This is because the partner particles of the resulting entangled states after a teleportation or an entanglement swapping never had contact before. The question then is, what connects entangled photons? Therefore, this paper presents a local realistic model that reproduces the quantum mechanical predictions for expectation values with polarization measurements, but is not based on shared statistical parameters. Instead, the coupling of the entangled particles is based on initial conditions and conservation of spin angular momentum. The model refutes Bell's theorem and also explains teleportation and entanglement swapping in a local way. The manuscript is thus a step forward toward a complete theory describing quantum physical reality as thought possible by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen.

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Quantum teleportation, a cornerstone of quantum information science, allows for the transfer of an unknown quantum state without physically moving the associated quantum particle. This process critically relies on shared entanglement and classical communication. A fundamental aspect of quantum information is the no-cloning theorem, which dictates that an arbitrary unknown quantum state cannot be perfectly copied. This paper investigates the intrinsic connection between Bell nonlocality, a profound manifestation of quantum entanglement, and the inherent unclonability of quantum teleportation. We argue that the very existence of Bell nonlocality within the shared entangled resource not only enables quantum teleportation but also fundamentally guarantees that the teleported state cannot be perfectly cloned. By examining the theoretical underpinnings of Bell's theorem and the quantum teleportation protocol, we demonstrate how the non-local correlations preclude any possibility of state duplication, thereby upholding the no-cloning theorem. This connection is vital for understanding the security and foundational aspects of quantum communication, establishing Bell nonlocality as a strong certification of secure, non-duplicable quantum state transfer. The analysis highlights that successful quantum teleportation, intrinsically linked to the violation of Bell inequalities, provides an experimental signature of the non-classical correlations that underpin security against cloning.

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Quantum teleportation strikingly underlines the peculiar features of the quantum world. We present an experimental proof of its quantum nature, teleporting an entangled photon with such high quality that the nonlocal quantum correlations with its original partner photon are preserved. This procedure is also known as entanglement swapping. The nonlocality is confirmed by observing a violation of Bell's inequality by 4.5 standard deviations. Thus, by demonstrating quantum nonlocality for photons that never interacted, our results directly confirm the quantum nature of teleportation.
We present an overview of the method for generating entangled photon pairs via spontaneous parametric down conversion and the experimental method of detecting entangled states or Bell-states with the use of photon statistics, the two key systems required to realize quantum state teleportation and other related experiments. As a proof of the quantum nature of teleportation we performed an entanglement swapping experiment, where the teleported state itself was entangled. The experiment clearly showed that the entanglement survived the teleportation, as the quantum correlations of the teleported photon violated Bell's inequality.
Summary form only given. Entanglement is the resource that makes quantum communication and quantum computation work. The most basic quantum communication protocols are quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping. In quantum teleportation one of two parties wants to send the other one a quantum state using some independent carrier. Entanglement swapping in its simplest form is the use of quantum teleportation to transmit a quantum state that is already entangled with some other state. Thereby the entanglement that existed between the original particle and its partner is transferred to the output particle. Both teleportation and entanglement swapping have successfully been demonstrated. However, in none of the experiments the quality of teleportation was high enough to produce output correlations that could have violated a Bell-type inequality. In this work we will show that qubit teleportation using polarization-entangled photon pairs can produce the desired correlations.
Quantum systems that have never interacted can become nonlocally correlated through a process called entanglement swapping. To characterize nonlocality in this context, we introduce local models where quantum systems that are initially uncorrelated are described by uncorrelated local variables. This additional assumption leads to stronger tests of nonlocality. We show, in particular, that an entangled pair generated through entanglement swapping will already violate a Bell-type inequality for visibilities as low as 50% under our assumption.
Entangled quantum systems can connect to the environment via a Bell state measurement. This applies, for example, to teleportation and entanglement swapping. Although the results are well understood, it is not entirely clear whether they involve nonlocal action or whether they are predetermined. This can best be decided from a model, provided it predicts the key measurement results. Models based on the fact that the partners of an entangled pair have the same value of a statistical parameter cannot be applied here. This is because the partner particles of the resulting entangled states after a teleportation or an entanglement swapping never had contact before. The question then is, what connects entangled photons? Therefore, this paper presents a local realistic model that reproduces the quantum mechanical predictions for expectation values with polarization measurements, but is not based on shared statistical parameters. Instead, the coupling of the entangled particles is based on initial conditions and conservation of spin angular momentum. The model refutes Bell's theorem and also explains teleportation and entanglement swapping in a local way. The manuscript is thus a step forward toward a complete theory describing quantum physical reality as thought possible by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen.
Quantum teleportation, a cornerstone of quantum information science, allows for the transfer of an unknown quantum state without physically moving the associated quantum particle. This process critically relies on shared entanglement and classical communication. A fundamental aspect of quantum information is the no-cloning theorem, which dictates that an arbitrary unknown quantum state cannot be perfectly copied. This paper investigates the intrinsic connection between Bell nonlocality, a profound manifestation of quantum entanglement, and the inherent unclonability of quantum teleportation. We argue that the very existence of Bell nonlocality within the shared entangled resource not only enables quantum teleportation but also fundamentally guarantees that the teleported state cannot be perfectly cloned. By examining the theoretical underpinnings of Bell's theorem and the quantum teleportation protocol, we demonstrate how the non-local correlations preclude any possibility of state duplication, thereby upholding the no-cloning theorem. This connection is vital for understanding the security and foundational aspects of quantum communication, establishing Bell nonlocality as a strong certification of secure, non-duplicable quantum state transfer. The analysis highlights that successful quantum teleportation, intrinsically linked to the violation of Bell inequalities, provides an experimental signature of the non-classical correlations that underpin security against cloning.