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Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

Photon Statistics and Quantum Teleportation Experiments

Thomas D. Jennewein, Gregor Weihs, Anton Zeilinger

Published Jan 1, 2003• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present an overview of the method for generating entangled photon pairs via spontaneous parametric down conversion and the experimental method of detecting entangled states or Bell-states with the use of photon statistics, the two key systems required to realize quantum state teleportation and other related experiments. As a proof of the quantum nature of teleportation we performed an entanglement swapping experiment, where the teleported state itself was entangled. The experiment clearly showed that the entanglement survived the teleportation, as the quantum correlations of the teleported photon violated Bell's inequality.

DOI
10.1143/jpsjs.72sc.168

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Comment on ``Experimental Nonlocality Proof of Quantum Teleportation and Entanglement Swapping''

Eric Dennis

In quant-ph/0201134 Jennewein et al. report experiments demonstrating entanglement swapping under various conditions. In one instance, they claim to have exhibited Bell inequality violations by a pair of photons prior to performing any entangling operations on the pair. However, the Bell inequality violation results in this case from post-selection of the data, not from quantum non-locality.

arXiv:quant-ph/0202025•Feb 4, 2002•2 citations
We present an overview of the method for generating entangled photon pairs via spontaneous parametric down conversion and the experimental method of detecting entangled states or Bell-states with the use of photon statistics, the two key systems required to realize quantum state teleportation and other related experiments. As a proof of the quantum nature of teleportation we performed an entanglement swapping experiment, where the teleported state itself was entangled. The experiment clearly showed that the entanglement survived the teleportation, as the quantum correlations of the teleported photon violated Bell's inequality.
Quantum teleportation strikingly underlines the peculiar features of the quantum world. We present an experimental proof of its quantum nature, teleporting an entangled photon with such high quality that the nonlocal quantum correlations with its original partner photon are preserved. This procedure is also known as entanglement swapping. The nonlocality is confirmed by observing a violation of Bell's inequality by 4.5 standard deviations. Thus, by demonstrating quantum nonlocality for photons that never interacted, our results directly confirm the quantum nature of teleportation.
We demonstrate an experiment on entanglement swapping using an optimal Bell-state measurement capable of identifying two of the four Bell-states for polarization entangled photons, which is the optimum with linear optical elements. The two final photons belong to separately created paris. They are entangled after their original partner photons have been subjected to the Bell state measurement, whose outcome determines the type of entanglement of the final photon pair. The resulting violation of Bell's inequality in both cases confirms the success of the teleportation protocol.
Entangled photons are a crucial resource for linear optical quantum communication and quantum computation. Besides the remarkable progress of photon state engineering using atomic memories (Kimble (2008); Yuan et al. (2008)) the majority of current experiments is based on the production of photon pairs in the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), where the entangled photon pair is concluded from post-selection of randomly occurring coincidences. Here we present new insights into the heralded generation of photon states (Barz et al. (2010); Wagenknecht et al. (2010)) that are maximally entangled in polarization (Schrodinger (1935)) with linear optics and standard photon detection from SPDC (Kwiat et al. (1995)). We utilize the down-conversion state corresponding to the generation of three pairs of photons, where the coincident detection of four auxiliary photons unambiguously heralds the successful preparation of the entangled state (Śliwa & Banaszek (2003)). This controlled generation of entangled photon states is a significant step towards the applicability of a linear optics quantum network (Nielsen & Chuang (2000)), in particular for entanglement distribution (Bennett et al. (1996)), entanglement swapping (Kaltenbaek et al. (2009); Pan et al. (1998)), quantum teleportation (Bouwmeester et al. (1997)), quantum cryptography (Bennett & Brassard (1984); Ekert (1991); Jennewein et al. (2000)) and scalable approaches towards photonics-based quantum computing schemes (Browne & Rudolph (2004); Gottesman & Chuang (1999); Knill et al. (2001)).
Summary form only given. Entanglement is the resource that makes quantum communication and quantum computation work. The most basic quantum communication protocols are quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping. In quantum teleportation one of two parties wants to send the other one a quantum state using some independent carrier. Entanglement swapping in its simplest form is the use of quantum teleportation to transmit a quantum state that is already entangled with some other state. Thereby the entanglement that existed between the original particle and its partner is transferred to the output particle. Both teleportation and entanglement swapping have successfully been demonstrated. However, in none of the experiments the quality of teleportation was high enough to produce output correlations that could have violated a Bell-type inequality. In this work we will show that qubit teleportation using polarization-entangled photon pairs can produce the desired correlations.