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arXiv:quant-ph/0407107 · Physical Review A

Atom trap and waveguide using a two-color evanescent light field around a subwavelength-diameter optical fiber

Fam Le Kien, V. I. Balykin, K. Hakuta

Published Dec 7, 2004• 264 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We suggest using a two-color evanescent light field around a subwavelength-diameter fiber to trap and guide atoms. The optical fiber carries a red-detuned light and a blue-detuned light, with both modes far from resonance. When both input light fields are circularly polarized, a set of trapping minima of the total potential in the transverse plane is formed as a ring around the fiber. This design allows confinement of atoms to a cylindrical shell around the fiber. When one or both of the input light fields are linearly polarized, the total potential has two local minimum points in the transverse plane. This design allows confinement of atoms to two straight lines parallel to the fiber axis. Due to the small thickness of the fiber, we can use far-off-resonance fields with substantially differing evanescent decay lengths to produce a net potential with a large depth, a large coherence time, and a large trap lifetime. For example, a 0.2-\ensuremath{\mu}m-radius silica fiber carrying 30 mW of 1.06-\ensuremath{\mu}m-wavelength light and 29 mW of 700-nm-wavelength light, both fields circularly polarized at the input, gives for cesium atoms a trap depth of 2.9 mK, a coherence time of 32 ms, and a recoil-heating-limited trap lifetime of 541 s.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.70.063403

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We suggest using a two-color evanescent light field around a subwavelength-diameter fiber to trap and guide atoms. The optical fiber carries a red-detuned light and a blue-detuned light, with both modes far from resonance. When both input light fields are circularly polarized, a set of trapping minima of the total potential in the transverse plane is formed as a ring around the fiber. This design allows confinement of atoms to a cylindrical shell around the fiber. When one or both of the input light fields are linearly polarized, the total potential has two local minimum points in the transverse plane. This design allows confinement of atoms to two straight lines parallel to the fiber axis. Due to the small thickness of the fiber, we can use far-off-resonance fields with substantially differing evanescent decay lengths to produce a net potential with a large depth, a large coherence time, and a large trap lifetime. For example, a 0.2-\ensuremath{\mu}m-radius silica fiber carrying 30 mW of 1.06-\ensuremath{\mu}m-wavelength light and 29 mW of 700-nm-wavelength light, both fields circularly polarized at the input, gives for cesium atoms a trap depth of 2.9 mK, a coherence time of 32 ms, and a recoil-heating-limited trap lifetime of 541 s.
We suggest using an evanescent wave around a thin fiber to trap atoms. We show that the gradient force of a red-detuned evanescent-wave field in the fundamental mode of a silica fiber can balance the centrifugal force when the fiber diameter is about two times smaller than the wavelength of the light and the component of the angular momentum of the atoms along the fiber axis is in an appropriate range. As an example, the system should be realizable for cesium atoms at a temperature of less than 0.29mK0.29\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}0.29mK using a silica fiber with a radius of $0.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ and a $1.3\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$-wavelength light with a power of about 27mW27\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mW}27mW.
We calculate the optical potentials, i.e. the light shifts, of the ground and excited states of atomic cesium in a two-color evanescent field around a subwavelength-diameter fiber. We show that the light shifts of the 6S1/2leftrightarrow6P3/26S_{1/2}\\leftrightarrow 6P_{3/2}6S1/2​leftrightarrow6P3/2​ transitions can be minimized by tuning one trapping light to around 934.5 nm in wavelength (central red-detuned magic wavelength) and the other light to around 685.5 nm in wavelength (central blue-detuned magic wavelength). The simultaneous use of the red- and blue-detuned magic wavelengths allows state-insensitive two-color trapping and guiding of cesium atoms along the thin fiber. Our results can be used to efficiently load a two-color dipole trap by cesium atoms from a magneto-optical trap and to perform continuous observations.
We propose a two-color scheme of atom waveguides and one-dimensional (1D) optical lattices using evanescent wave fields of different transverse modes around an optical micro/nano-fiber. The atom guide potential can be produced when the optical fiber carries a red-detuned light with TE01 mode and a blue-detuned light with HE11 mode, and the 1D optical lattice potential can be produced when the red-detuned light is transformed to the superposition of the TE01 mode and HE11 mode. The two trapping potentials can be transformed to each other for accurately controlling mode transformation for the red-detuned light. This might provide a new approach to realize flexible transition between the guiding and trapping states of atoms.
We calculate the optical potentials, i.e. the light shifts, of the ground and excited states of atomic cesium in a two-color evanescent field around a subwavelength-diameter fiber. We show that the light shifts of the 6S1/2↔6P3/26S_{1/2}\leftrightarrow 6P_{3/2}6S1/2​↔6P3/2​ transitions can be minimized by tuning one trapping light to around 934.5 nm in wavelength (central red-detuned magic wavelength) and the other light to around 685.5 nm in wavelength (central blue-detuned magic wavelength). The simultaneous use of the red- and blue-detuned magic wavelengths allows state-insensitive two-color trapping and guiding of cesium atoms along the thin fiber. Our results can be used to efficiently load a two-color dipole trap by cesium atoms from a magneto-optical trap and to perform continuous observations.
We calculate the optical potentials, i.e., the light shifts, of the ground and excited states of atomic cesium in a two-color evanescent field around a subwavelength-diameter fiber. We show that the light shifts of the 6S1=2 $ 6P3=2 transitions can be minimized by tuning one trapping light to around 934.5 nm in wavelength (central red-detuned magic wavelength) and the other light to around 685.5 nm in wavelength (central blue-detuned magic wavelength). The simultaneous use of the redand blue-detuned magic wavelengths allows state-insensitive two-color trapping and guiding of cesium atoms along the thin fiber. Our results can be used to efficiently load a two-color dipole trap by cesium atoms from a magneto-optical trap and to perform continuous observations.
We propose a dipole-force linear waveguide which confines neutral atoms up to $\ensuremath{\lambda}/2$ above a microfabricated single-mode dielectric optical guide. The optical guide carries far blue-detuned light in the horizontally-polarized TE mode and far red-detuned light in the vertically-polarized TM mode, with both modes close to optical cut-off. A trapping minimum in the transverse plane is formed above the optical guide due to the differing evanescent decay lengths of the two modes. This design allows manufacture of mechanically stable atom-optical elements on a substrate. We calculate the full vector bound modes for an arbitrary guide shape using two-dimensional non-uniform finite elements in the frequency-domain, allowing us to optimize atom waveguide properties. We find that a rectangular optical guide of $0.8\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ by $0.2\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ carrying 6 mW of total laser power (detuning $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15\mathrm{nm}$ about the D2D2D2 line) gives a trap depth of $200\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ for cesium atoms (mF=0),{(m}_{F}=0),(mF​=0), transverse oscillation frequencies of fx=40kHz{f}_{x}=40\mathrm{kHz}fx​=40kHz and fy=160kHz,{f}_{y}=160\mathrm{kHz},fy​=160kHz, collection area $\ensuremath{\sim}1\ensuremath{\mu}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ and coherence time of 9 ms. We discuss the effects of non-zero mF,{m}_{F},mF​, the D1D1D1 line, surface interactions, heating rate, the substrate refractive index, and the limits on waveguide bending radius.