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arXiv:quant-ph/0310077 · International Journal of Quantum Information

CERTAIN QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION ACHIEVED BY USING BELL STATES

Chong Li, Zhen Wang, Chunfeng Wu, He‐Shan Song, Ling Zhou

Published Dec 1, 2006• 6 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

A new protocol for quantum key distribution based on entanglement swapping is proposed. In this protocol, both certain key and random key can be generated without any loss of security.
DOI
10.1142/s0219749906002274

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A quantum key distribution and identification protocol is proposed, which is based on entanglement swapping. Through choosing particles by twos from the sequence and performing Bell measurements, two communicators can detect eavesdropping, identify each other and obtain the secure key according to the measurement results. Because the two particles measured together are selected out randomly, we need neither alternative measurements nor rotation of the Bell states. Furthermore, less Bell measurements are needed in our protocol than in the previous similar ones.
Based on entanglement swapping between two Bell states, two novel quantum key distribution protocols are proposed. One is for two-level systems, where there is no need for classical communication before each entanglement swapping. This feature is essential to its practical realization. Furthermore, to establish an arbitrarily long key, the protocol needs only two Bell states. The other is for d-level (d > 2) systems, in which higher security and higher source capacity are achieved. Using the theory of quadratic residue, we prove that in the two-qudit systems, each Bell state is a uniform superposition of all basis states in the dual basis, which is different to the situation in two-qubit systems. This difference means our two-level protocol cannot be generalized to the d-level situation directly. On the other hand, it results in higher security of our d-level protocol and is instructive to design quantum cryptography protocols.
In order to enhance the efficiency of quantum key distribution( QKD),a protocol based on entanglement swapping is proposed. Without classical information exchange or unitary operations,the two communication parts can securely share a session key by entanglement swapping and Bell measurement. Almost all qubits,except a few which are used to check the security of quantum channel,can produce the private key,and two pairs of entangled particles can generate two bits private key. The protocol is proved to secure using Stinespring Dilation Theorem and the efficiency analysis is presented.
Entanglement swapping between EPR pairs can be used to generate the same sequence of random bits in two remote places. A quantum key distribution protocol based on this idea is described. The scheme exhibits the following features: (a) It improves the rate of generated bits for transmitted qubit. (b) It allows Alice and Bob to generate a key of arbitrary length using a single quantum system (three EPR pairs), instead of a long sequence of them. (c) Detecting Eve requires the comparison of fewer bits. (d) Entanglement is an essential ingredient. The scheme assumes reliable measurements of the Bell operator.