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arXiv:quant-ph/0302100 · Physical Review A

Polarization squeezing of intense pulses with a fiber-optic Sagnac interferometer

J. Heersink, T. Gaber, Stefan Lorenz, O. Glöckl, Natalia Korolkova, Gerd Leuchs

Published Jul 22, 2003• 65 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We report on the generation of polarization squeezing of intense, short light pulses using an asymmetric fiber-optic Sagnac interferometer. The Kerr nonlinearity of the fiber is exploited to produce independent amplitude squeezed pulses. The polarization squeezing properties of spatially overlapped amplitude squeezed and coherent states are discussed. The experimental results for a single-amplitude squeezed beam are compared to the case of two phase-matched, spatially overlapped amplitude squeezed pulses. For the latter, noise variances of $\ensuremath{-}3.4\mathrm{dB}$ below shot noise in the ${S}_{0}$ and the ${S}_{1}$ and of $\ensuremath{-}2.8\mathrm{dB}$ in the ${S}_{2}$ Stokes parameters were observed, which is comparable to the input squeezing magnitude. Polarization squeezing, that is, squeezing relative to a corresponding polarization minimum uncertainty state, was generated in ${S}_{1}.$

DOI
10.1103/physreva.68.013815

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We report on the generation of polarization squeezing of intense, short light pulses using an asymmetric fiber-optic Sagnac interferometer. The Kerr nonlinearity of the fiber is exploited to produce independent amplitude squeezed pulses. The polarization squeezing properties of spatially overlapped amplitude squeezed and coherent states are discussed. The experimental results for a single-amplitude squeezed beam are compared to the case of two phase-matched, spatially overlapped amplitude squeezed pulses. For the latter, noise variances of \ensuremath−3.4dB\ensuremath{-}3.4\mathrm{dB}\ensuremath−3.4dB below shot noise in the S0{S}_{0}S0​ and the S1{S}_{1}S1​ and of \ensuremath−2.8dB\ensuremath{-}2.8\mathrm{dB}\ensuremath−2.8dB in the S2{S}_{2}S2​ Stokes parameters were observed, which is comparable to the input squeezing magnitude. Polarization squeezing, that is, squeezing relative to a corresponding polarization minimum uncertainty state, was generated in S1.{S}_{1}.S1​.
Summary form only given. Several schemes to generate squeezed light by use of the Kerr nonlinearity in optical fibers have been devised. The most recent experiments used asymmetric Sagnac loops to produce amplitude squeezing. In our experiment the Sagnac geometry is "unfolded" into a Mach-Zehnder, wherein the two arms of the interferometer correspond to the polarization modes of a single-mode PM fiber. This setup allows us to switch from an asymmetric to a symmetric interferometer, and gives us full control of the phase and amplitude of the two interfering pulses. With these degrees of freedom, we are able to maximize noise reduction and perform a full measurement of the noise properties of the soliton squeezed pulses.
Photonic Crystal Fibers can be tailored to increase the effective Kerr nonlinearity, while producing smaller amounts of excess noise compared to standard silicon fibers. Using these features of Photonic Crystal Fibers we create polarization squeezed states with increased purity compared to standard fiber squeezing experiments. Explicit we produce squeezed states in counter propagating pulses along the same fiber axis to achieve near identical dispersion properties. This enables the production of polarization squeezing through interference in a polarization type Sagnac interferometer. We observe Stokes parameter squeezing of -3.9 +/-0.3dB and anti-squeezing of 16.2 +/-0.3dB.
Direct photon-number squeezing is demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, in a nonlinear fiber-optic interferometer. Launching 126-fs solitons into a highly asymmetric Sagnac loop, the maximum photocurrent noise reduction was $3.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\mathrm{dB}$ below shot noise, corresponding to $6.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9\mathrm{dB}$, when corrected for linear losses. The loop is a model system for squeezing generated by the interference of two pulses after nonlinear propagation through a fiber.
We investigate the spatial overlap of nonclassical ultrashort light pulses produced by self-phase modulation effect in electronic Kerr media and its relevance in the formation of polarization-squeezed states of light. The light polarization is treated in terms of four quantum Stokes parameters whose spectra of quantum fluctuations are investigated. We show that the frequency at which the suppression of quantum fluctuations of Stokes parameters is the greatest can be controlled by adjusting the linear phase difference between pulses. By varying the intensity of one pulse one can suppress effectively the quantum fluctuations of Stokes parameters. We study the overlap of nonclassical pulses inside of an anisotropic electronic Kerr medium and we show that the cross-phase modulation effect can be employed to control the polarization-squeezed state of light. Moreover, we establish that the change of the intensity or of the nonlinear phase shift per photon for one pulse controls effectively the squeezing of Stokes parameters. The spatial overlap of a coherent pulse field with an interference pulse produced by mixing two quadrature-squeezed pulses on a beam splitter is analyzed. It is found that squeezing is produced in three of the four Stokes parameters, with the squeezing in the first two being simultaneous.
We investigate the formation of the polarization-squeezed state of light in different schemes of perfect spatial overlap of quadrature-squeezed ultrashort light pulses produced by self-phase modulation effect in electronic Kerr media. The light polarization is treated in terms of four Stokes operators whose spectra of quantum fluctuations are investigated for each configuration of interest. We establish that the frequency at which the suppression of quantum fluctuations of Stokes operators is the greatest can be controlled by adjusting the linear phase difference between initial coherent pulses. The increase of the intensity of one pulse can squeeze efficiently the quantum fluctuations of Stokes operators. We study the spatial overlap of quadrature-squeezed pulses produced in an anisotropic electronic Kerr medium and show that the cross-phase modulation which occurs in addition to the self-phase one can be employed to control the fluctuation spectra of Stokes operators. The change of the nonlinear phase shift per photon for one pulse controls effectively the polarization squeezing. The spatial overlap of a coherent pulse with an interference one, produced by mixing two quadrature-squeezed pulses on a beam splitter, is analysed. It is found that squeezing is produced in three of the four Stokes operators, with the squeezing in the first two being simultaneous.
We experimentally demonstrate amplitude squeezed soliton utilizing intensity-dependent self-phase modulation in an asymmetric Sagnac interferometer. The system, whose components are connected via ferrule connector/physical connection (FC/PC) fiber connectors, constitutes all-fiber configuration to generate squeezed soliton. Soliton amplitude reduction measured by homodyne detection is near 4.0 dB below the shot-noise level. Optimal squeezing fields in both simple and compact all-fiber configuration are obtained.