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Physical Review Letters

Photon-Number Squeezed Solitons from an Asymmetric Fiber-Optic Sagnac Interferometer

Stefan Schmitt, Joachim Hans Ficker, Max Wolff, Friedrich König, Andreas Sizmann, Gerd Leuchs

Published Sep 21, 1998• 149 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Direct photon-number squeezing is demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, in a nonlinear fiber-optic interferometer. Launching 126-fs solitons into a highly asymmetric Sagnac loop, the maximum photocurrent noise reduction was $3.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\mathrm{dB}$ below shot noise, corresponding to $6.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9\mathrm{dB}$, when corrected for linear losses. The loop is a model system for squeezing generated by the interference of two pulses after nonlinear propagation through a fiber.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.81.2446

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Direct photon-number squeezing is demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, in a nonlinear fiber-optic interferometer. Launching 126-fs solitons into a highly asymmetric Sagnac loop, the maximum photocurrent noise reduction was 3.9\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.2dB3.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\mathrm{dB}3.9\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.2dB below shot noise, corresponding to 6.0\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.9dB6.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9\mathrm{dB}6.0\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.9dB, when corrected for linear losses. The loop is a model system for squeezing generated by the interference of two pulses after nonlinear propagation through a fiber.
We experimentally demonstrate a new scheme for generating amplitude squeezed solitons in an asymmetric fiber Sagnac loop. We measure by direct detection a 5.7±0.1 dB (73%) and, with corrections for linear losses 6.2±0.1 dB (76%), reduction in the photon number fluctuations below the shot noise level. The same scheme is also shown to generate a significant classical noise reduction and is limited by Raman effects in fiber. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Summary form only given. Several schemes to generate squeezed light by use of the Kerr nonlinearity in optical fibers have been devised. The most recent experiments used asymmetric Sagnac loops to produce amplitude squeezing. In our experiment the Sagnac geometry is "unfolded" into a Mach-Zehnder, wherein the two arms of the interferometer correspond to the polarization modes of a single-mode PM fiber. This setup allows us to switch from an asymmetric to a symmetric interferometer, and gives us full control of the phase and amplitude of the two interfering pulses. With these degrees of freedom, we are able to maximize noise reduction and perform a full measurement of the noise properties of the soliton squeezed pulses.
Summary form only given. We have shown for the first time that large photon-number squeezing of coherent pulses can be produced by a Sagnac loop for a significant range of input energies and that it is larger than predicted for directly spectrally filtered optical fiber solitons. Despite this, we pointed out the similarities between the two schemes. In essence, a Sagnac fiber loop is capable of producing optical pulses closer to true quantum solitons than their coherent counterparts from modelocked lasers.
A perturbation approach is used to study the quantum noise of optical solitons in an asymmetric fiber Sagnac interferometer (a highly transmissive nonlinear optical loop mirror). Analytical expressions for the three second-order quadrature correlators are derived and used to predict the amount of detectable amplitude squeezing along with the optimum power-splitting ratio of the Sagnac interferometer. We find that it is the number-phase correlation owing to the Kerr nonlinearity that is primarily responsible for the observable noise reduction. The group-velocity dispersion affecting the field in the nonsoliton arm of the fiber interferometer is shown to limit the minimum achievable Fano factor.