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arXiv:quant-ph/0006115

Spin measurement retrodiction revisited

Steffen Metzger

Published Jun 26, 2000• 5 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The retrodiction of spin measurements along a set of different axes is revisited in detail. The problem is presented in two different pictures, a geometric and a general algebraic one. Explicit measurement operators that allow the retrodiction are given for the case of three and four axes. For the Vaidman-Aharanov-Albert case of three orthogonal axes the quantum network is constructed for two different initial Bell states.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0006115

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The retrodiction of spin measurements along a set of different axes is revisited in detail. The problem is presented in two different pictures, a geometric and a general algebraic one. Explicit measurement operators that allow the retrodiction are given for the case of three and four axes. For the Vaidman-Aharanov-Albert case of three orthogonal axes the quantum network is constructed for two different initial Bell states.
We address the problem of choosing an initial state and final measurement that enable maximal retrodiction of the result of an unknown intermediate spin measurement of a spin-(1/2 particle, along any one of a given set of directions. Details are given of the derivation of the most general possible solution of the problem, which we reported recently. The maximal retrodiction is shown to be the determination of the result of the intermediate spin measurement, along any of four different directions that span three-dimensional space and satisfy a specific linear relation.
We study how well we can retrodict results of measurements made on a quantum system if we can make measurements on its final state. We know what measurements were made, but not their results. An initial examination shows that we can gain anywhere from no information to perfect information about the results of previous measurements, depending on the measurements and the initial state of the system. The case of two two-outcome measurements, the second of which is a projective measurement, is examined in some detail. We then look at a model of a qubit interferometer in which measurements are made in order to determine the path the qubit followed. The measurement made on the final state of the qubit depends on the information about previous measurement results that we are trying to determine. One can attempt to find the result of just one of the measurements or all of them or to find a measurement sequence that was not realized. We study all three possibilities.
If a generalized measurement is performed on a quantum system and we do not know the outcome, are we able to retrodict it with a second measurement? We obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for perfect retrodiction of the outcome of a known generalized measurement, given the final state, for an arbitrary initial state. From this, we deduce that, when the input and output Hilbert spaces have equal (finite) dimension, it is impossible to perfectly retrodict the outcome of any fine-grained measurement [where each positive, operator-valued measure (POVM) element corresponds to a single Kraus operator] for all initial states unless the measurement is unitarily equivalent to a projective measurement. It also enables us to show that every POVM can be realized in such a way that perfect outcome retrodiction is possible for an arbitrary initial state when the number of outcomes does not exceed the output Hilbert space dimension. We then consider the situation where the initial state is not arbitrary, though it may be entangled, and describe the conditions under which unambiguous outcome retrodiction is possible for a fine-grained generalized measurement. We find that this is possible for some state if the Kraus operators are linearly independent. This condition is also necessary when the Kraus operators are nonsingular. From this, we deduce that every trace-preserving quantum operation is associated with a generalized measurement whose outcome is unambiguously retrodictable for some initial state, and also that a set of unitary operators can be unambiguously discriminated iff they are linearly independent. We then examine the issue of unambiguous outcome retrodiction without entanglement. This has important connections with the theory of locally linearly dependent and locally linearly independent operators.
Abstract A novel representation of spin 1/2 combines in a single geometric object the roles of the standard Pauli spin vector and spin state. Under the spin-position decoupling approximation it consists of the ordered sum of three orthonormal vectors comprising a gauge phase. In the one-particle case the representation: (1) is Hermitian; (2) is oriented due to ordering; (3) reproduces all standard expectation values, including the total one-particle spin modulus A; (4) constrains basis opposite spins to have same orientation; (5) allows to formalize irreversibility in spin measurement. In the two-particle case: (1) entangled spin pairs have opposite orientation and precisely related gauge phases; (2) the dimensionality of the spin space doubles due to variation of orientation; (3) the four maximally entangled states are naturally defined by the four improper rotations in 3D: reflections onto the three orthogonal frame planes (triplets) and inversion (singlet). The cross-product terms in the expression for the squared total spin of two particles relates to experiment and they yield all standard expectation values after measurement. Here spin is directly defined and transformed in 3D orientation space, without use of eigen algebra and tensor product as in the standard formulation. The formalism allows working with whole geometric objects instead of only components, thereby helping keep a clear geometric picture of ‘on paper’ (controlled gauge phase) and ‘on lab’ (uncontrolled gauge phase) spin transformations.