We study the energy conversion laws of the macroscopic harmonic $LC $ oscillator, the electromagnetic wave (photon) and the hydrogen atom. As our analysis indicates that the energies of these apparently different systems obey exactly the same energy conversion law. Based on our results and the wave-particle duality of electron, we find that the atom in fact is a natural microscopic $LC$ oscillator. In the framework of classical electromagnetic field theory we analytically obtain, for the hydrogen atom, the quantized electron orbit radius. Without the adaptation of any other fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, we present a reasonable explanation of the polarization of photon, the Zeeman effect, Selection rules and Pauli exclusion principle. Particularly, it is found that a pairing Pauli electron can move closely and steadily in a DNA-like double helical electron orbit. Our results also reveal an essential connection between electron spin and the intrinsic helical movement of electron and indicate that the spin itself is the effect of quantum confinement. In addition, a possible physical mechanism of superconductivity and the deeper physical understandings of the electron mass, zero point energy, and the hardness property of electron are also provided. Finally, we show analytically that the Dirac's quantization of magnetic monopole is merely a special handed electron at absolute zero-temperature, which strongly suggests that any efforts to seek for the magneticmonopole in real space will be entirely in vain. Furthermore, it appears that the electron's spin and the magnetic monopole are actually two different concepts for one possible physical phenomenon.
New interpretation of the atomic spectra and other quantum phenomena: A mixed mechanism of classical LC circuits and quantum wave-particle duality
We study the energy conversion laws of the macroscopic harmonic LC oscillator, the electromagnetic wave (photon) and the hydrogen atom. As our analysis indicates that the energies of these apparently different systems obey exactly the same energy conversion law. Based on our results and the wave-particle duality of electron, we find that the atom in fact is a natural microscopic LC oscillator. In the framework of classical electromagnetic field theory we analytically obtain, for the hydrogen atom, the quantized electron orbit radius. Without the adaptation of any other fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, we present a reasonable explanation of the polarization of photon, the Zeeman effect, Selection rules and Pauli exclusion principle. Particularly, it is found that a pairing Pauli electron can move closely and steadily in a DNA-like double helical electron orbit. Our results also reveal an essential connection between electron spin and the intrinsic helical movement of electron and indicate that the spin itself is the effect of quantum confinement. In addition, a possible physical mechanism of superconductivity and the deeper physical understandings of the electron mass, zero point energy, and the hardness property of electron are also provided. Finally, we show analytically that the Dirac's quantization of magnetic monopole is merely a special handed electron at absolute zero-temperature, which strongly suggests that any efforts to seek for the magneticmonopole in real space will be entirely in vain. Furthermore, it appears that the electron's spin and the magnetic monopole are actually two different concepts for one possible physical phenomenon.
We study the energy conversion laws of the macroscopic harmonic LC oscillator, the electromagnetic wave (photon) and the hydrogen atom. As our analysis indicates that the energies of these apparently different systems obey exactly the same energy conversion law. Based on our results and the wave-particle duality of electron, we find that the atom in fact is a natural microscopic LC oscillator. In the framework of classical electromagnetic field theory we analytically obtain, for the hydrogen atom, the quantized electron orbit radius rn=a0n2, and quantized energy En=−RHhc/n2, (n=1,2,3,...), where a0 is Bohr radius and RH is Rydberg constant. Without any adaptation of the quantum theory, we present a reasonable explanation of the Zeeman effect, Selection rules and Pauli exclusion principle. Our results show that the concept of electron spin is not the physical reality and should be replaced by the intrinsic characteristic of the helical moving electron (Left-hand and Right-hand). In addition, a possible physical mechanism of superconductivity is also provided.
In this paper we study the energy conversion laws of the macroscopic harmonic LC oscillator, the electromagnetic wave (photon) and the hydrogen atom. As our analysis indicates, the energies of these apparently different systems obey exactly the same energy conversion law. Based on our results and the wave-particle duality of electrons, we find that the hydrogen atom is, in fact, a natural chiral microscopic LC oscillator. In the framework of classical electromagnetic field theory we analytically obtain, for the hydrogen atom, the quantized electron orbit radius , and quantized energy , (n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·), where is the Bohr radius and is the Rydberg constant. Without the adaptation of any other fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, we present a reasonable explanation of the polarization of photon, selection rules and Pauli exclusion principle. Our results also reveal an essential connection between electron spin and the intrinsic helical movement of electrons and indicate that the spin itself is the effect of quantum confinement. En este trabajo se presenta un estudio de las leyes macroscópicas de conversión de energía del oscilador armónico LC, la onda electromagnética (fotones) y el átomo de hidrógeno. Como nuestro análisis indica, las energías de estos aparentemente diferentes sistemas obedecen exactamente la misma ley de conversión de la energía. Sobre la base de nuestros resultados y de la dualidad onda-partícula del electrón, nos encontramos con que el átomo de Hidrógeno, de hecho, es un oscilador LC microscópico naturalmente quiral. En el marco de la teoría clásica de campos electromagnéticos se obtiene analíticamente, para el átomo de hidrógeno, el radio cuantizado de la órbita electrónica , y la energía cuantizada , (n=1, 2, 3..), donde es el radio de Bohr, y es la constante de Rydberg. Sin la adaptación de otros principios fundamentales de la mecánica cuántica, se presenta una explicación razonable de la polarización de los fotones, las reglas de selección y principio de exclusión de Pauli. Los resultados también ponen de manifiesto una conexión esencial entre el espín de electrón y el movimiento helicoidal intrínseco de los electrones e indican que el espín es el efecto de un confinamiento cuántico.
The classical electrodynamic conclusion that an accelerating point charge mustradiate has long been regarded as an iron law, yet the electron in the hydrogen atom does notradiate and fall into the nucleus. This paper points out that the root of this contradiction is not inclassical electromagnetic theory itself, but in the untested hidden assumption that “the electronis a point particle”. Compton scattering experiments have already shown that the electron, whencolliding with a photon, behaves as a particle with a finite size, and its intrinsic geometric radius isgiven by the reduced Compton wavelength: re = ℏ/(mec) . Based on this physical fact, andconsidering that while the electron revolves around the nucleus (orbital motion) it also has anintrinsic spin, the electron itself generates two homologous electromagnetic radiation fields:orbital radiation and spin radiation. These two real electromagnetic waves always superpose andinterfere in space. Under specific conditions (frequencies forming an integer ratio, oppositephases, and matching amplitudes), the two waves completely interfere destructively, resulting inzero net external radiation and forming a stable standing wave inside the system– this is thestationary state of the hydrogen atom. The destructive interference condition naturally leads toωs = nΩ (n integer) and re/R = α/n2 , where α is the fine-structure constant. Combined withthe Coulomb force (centripetal force) equation, one uniquely obtains the quantized orbital radiiRn = n2a0 (a0 is the Bohr radius) and the angular momentum quantization Ln = nℏ . Thefine-structure constant thus acquires a geometric meaning: α = re/a0 .This paper further reveals the classical nature of wave-particle duality: the electron is always aparticle (with a definite trajectory), and its wave-like behavior comes from the superposition andinterference of the electromagnetic waves of spin and orbital radiation. The “particle-like”behavior observed in experiments is essentially the point-like signal produced when the photonradiated by the electron is absorbed, while the wave-particle duality of the photon itself is an1intrinsic property of it being an electromagnetic wave packet. Based on this picture, the paperprovides a classical causal explanation for the electron double-slit experiment– the electron asa particle barely passes through the slits; the interference fringes originate from theself-interference of the radiation wave packet (photon) generated by the electron interactingwith the slit plate, and the bright spots on the screen come from the discrete absorption eventsof photons, with the accumulation of many events forming the fringes. Observation inevitablydisturbs the electron because any measurement disrupts the destructive interference condition,thereby eliminating the mystery of “wavefunction collapse”.The paper also systematically expounds the electromagnetic nature of the photon: the photon isan electromagnetic wave packet radiated when the electron transitions between stationarystates due to the imbalance of interference; its energy E = hλ is determined solely by thefrequency, with constant amplitude; the photon is born at the speed of light because it originatesfrom a pre-existing electromagnetic wave. Finally, the paper discusses the essence of theelectromagnetic field: the electromagnetic field is not matter but energy; the vacuum is theground state electromagnetic field (filled with photons), and the cosmic microwave backgroundradiation is its observational evidence. Macroscopic electromagnetic fields (such as radio waves,visible light) are perturbations superimposed on the ground state field, acting as carriers ofenergy and information. The paper also links the background photon field to the cosmicmicrowave background radiation, providing a new causal picture for the interaction mechanismof charged particles and the inverse-square law of forces.This model is completely based on classical electromagnetism and the physical fact that theelectron has a finite size, providing a causally clear and physically intuitive unified picture for thestability of the hydrogen atom, quantized orbits, wave-particle duality, the nature of the photon,the double-slit experiment, the measurement problem, and the energy origin of theelectromagnetic field.The model further suggests that the proton may also be a similar self-sustaining electromagneticbound state, and the origin of cosmic matter can be attributed to the process of energy lockingby the condensation of electrons and positrons, offering a unified perspective for physicalphenomena from the atom tothe cosmos.
In this paper, the problems existing in the concepts of Planck’s energy element and Einstein’s light quantum are analyzed, and the alternate concept of quantum and a new concept of electron transition power were proposed. This paper clarififies the common misunderstanding in classical electromagnetics that the electron will radiate electromagnetic wave when it moves around the nucleus in a uniform circular motion and points out that the electron will radiate and absorb electromagnetic waves only when it moves around the nucleus in an accelerated or decelerated motion with a change of frequency and expounds the classical physical mechanism of quantum generation. Based on this, the quantization of electron orbital energy level of hydrogen atom and the phenomenon of spectrum are explained without Bohr’s “quantization hypothesis.” In addition, the photoelectric effect is explained by using the modifified quantum concept. The modifified quantum concept and its mechanism of classical physics break the gap between macro and micro physics, eliminate the contradiction between “classical physics” and “quantum mechanics,” and lay an important foundation for the reconstruction of unifified macro and micro physics.
The mainstream interpretation of quantum mechanics adopts the probability cloud interpretation to describe the motion of extranuclear electrons. It denies the continuous real orbit of electrons, attributes atomic magnetic moment to the intrinsic property of particles, and explains atomic spectra as traceless spontaneous energy level transitions of electrons. It presupposes that atoms can only absorb photons with energy strictly equal to the energy level difference. Based on the unified physical framework of the Light Source Theory, this paper demonstrates that extranuclear electrons have stable and continuous real orbits of revolution. The centripetal force of the electron orbit is dominated by Coulomb attraction, and gravitational force at atomic scale is negligible. The centripetal force is always perpendicular to the instantaneous motion direction of the electron and does not do work. Only mutual conversion between kinetic energy and electric potential energy inside the system occurs on the elliptical orbit, and there is no spontaneous radiation loss in steady revolution. The constraint for an atom to absorb a photon is that the polarization angle of the photon matches the polarization orientation of the electron orbit, and there is no requirement for the photon energy to correspond to the energy level difference. As long as the polarization matches, photons of any energy can be absorbed. Low energy photons can be absorbed multiple times to accumulate energy gradually, and high energy photons can also be absorbed once to raise the stored energy directly. The orbit adjusts continuously with the change of energy. When the accumulated energy reaches the inherent energy level limit of the atomic system, the original orbit configuration can no longer bear higher stored energy, and the atom releases characteristic photons with fixed energy to form discrete spectra. There is no one to one energy equivalence relationship between absorbed photons and emitted photons, which is the core reason why atomic spectra can be observed and distinguished from background light in the environment. The magnetic field of permanent magnets and the magnetization of materials originate from the directional orbital revolution of electrons. The probability cloud and traceless transition are only mathematical fitting schemes adapted to spectral data rather than physical reality. This interpretation has inherent contradictions such as unexplainable origin of magnetic field, equivalent superluminal transition and Coulomb gravitational collapse. Macroscopic and microscopic phenomena follow unified causal laws, and there are no special motion rules exclusive to quantum systems. Atoms present a spherical three dimensional structure. Extranuclear electrons revolve three dimensionally in spherical space under the three force balance of Coulomb force inertia effect and magnetic force which are perpendicular to each other in pairs. If there is no real orbit, magnetic force has no source of generation, and electrons can only move in a single plane, which cannot explain the spherical shape of atoms. This constitutes an important question to the probability cloud interpretation.
In this paper, the problems existing in the concepts of Planck's energy element and Einstein's light quantum are analyzed, and the alternate concept of quantum and a new concept of electron transition power were proposed. This paper clarifies the common misunderstanding in classical electromagnetics that the electron will radiate electromagnetic wave when it moves around the nucleus in a uniform circular motion and points out that the electron will radiate and absorb electromagnetic waves only when it moves around the nucleus in an accelerated or decelerated motion with a change of frequency and expounds the classical physical mechanism of quantum generation. Based on this, the quantization of electron orbital energy level of hydrogen atom and the phenomenon of spectrum are explained without Bohr's “quantization hypothesis.” In addition, the photoelectric effect is explained by using the modified quantum concept. The modified quantum concept and its mechanism of classical physics break the gap between macro and micro physics, eliminate the contradiction between “classical physics” and “quantum mechanics,” and lay an important foundation for the reconstruction of unified macro and micro physics.