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arXiv:nucl-ex/0411047

Induced Quantum Entanglement of Nuclear Metastable States of 115In

Daniel L. Van Gent

Published Nov 23, 2004• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Experiments conducted in our laboratory conclusively demonstrated that at least 20% of 115In metastable states become quantum entangled (QE) during gamma photo-excitation processes where a significant fraction of the photo-excitation gamma (E > 1.02 MeV) are QE. In addition, it was found that the half-life of 115mIn populations in identical photo-excited indium foils varied as much as 70% depending on whether the 99.999% purity indium foils were photo-excited with a High Intensity 60Co Source (HICS) or a Varian CLINAC (Compact Linear Accelerator) with average energy 2 MeV and maximum energy 6 MeV Bremsstrahlung photo-excitation quanta. Decay kinetics of 115mIn populations in indium foils demonstrate that these metastable states are primarily QE in pairs when photo-excited in the HICS apparatus and at higher orders of entanglement of triplets and possibly quadruplets when photo-excited with the CLINAC. It appears that QE gamma photons can transfer quantum entangled properties to radioactive metastable states.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.nucl-ex/0411047

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Experiments conducted in our laboratory conclusively demonstrated that at least 20% of 115In metastable states become quantum entangled (QE) during gamma photo-excitation processes where a significant fraction of the photo-excitation gamma (E > 1.02 MeV) are QE. In addition, it was found that the half-life of 115mIn populations in identical photo-excited indium foils varied as much as 70% depending on whether the 99.999% purity indium foils were photo-excited with a High Intensity 60Co Source (HICS) or a Varian CLINAC (Compact Linear Accelerator) with average energy 2 MeV and maximum energy 6 MeV Bremsstrahlung photo-excitation quanta. Decay kinetics of 115mIn populations in indium foils demonstrate that these metastable states are primarily QE in pairs when photo-excited in the HICS apparatus and at higher orders of entanglement of triplets and possibly quadruplets when photo-excited with the CLINAC. It appears that QE gamma photons can transfer quantum entangled properties to radioactive metastable states.
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Abstract In the context of the second quantum revolution, the ability to manipulate quantum systems is already used for various techniques and a growing number of technology demonstrators, mostly with low energy photons. In this frame, our intention is to extend quantum technologies to gamma photons. Our aim is to take advantage of resources brought by entanglement with higher energy particles, particularly electron-positron annihilation quanta. Tools for low frequency quantum experiments are not suitable for penetrant radiation, consequently we need to use effects typical to the keV-MeV energy range instead. High energy photon protocols would include fundamental properties testing, industrial imaging, quantum random number generators, quantum simulators, military applications and improvement of already existing medical procedures. In this paper we review some important steps in the study of annihilation photon correlations, we point out the experimental differences and necessities with respect to the energy increase in quantum photonic experiments and we describe the design of a quantum gamma device we propose for experiments meant to prove feasibility of gamma ray based protocols. The perspective behind our project is to evidence the possibility to communicate via entangled quanta through media which are not transparent for low energy photons.
Exploitation of the implicit quantum entanglement (QE) of the two gamma-photons in PET for improving image quality is a novel new methodology proposed only recently e.g [1]. However progress in this new area had been hindered due to lack of theoretical understanding or experimental constraint on how the initial QE can be dispersed to the envirionment through decoherence. Such processes will have significant role in PET imaging through scatter processes in the patient, bed or the detector crystals. The role of such processes will be significantly enhanced in next-generation fully body PET.Addressing this major gap in our knowledge of QE decoherence is a key aim of the new MeVQE collaboration, an interdisciplinary grouping of nuclear physicists, quantum information theorists and mathematicians based at the University of York. The first theoretical calculation of the decoherence of QE for PET photons will be presented [2]. Predictions from the new theory are challenged with a first detailed experimental determination of the triple Compton scattering of entangled gamma photons [3]. The work provides a paradigm shift in our understanding of QE decoherence for PET photons. In addition a further key measurement for the field will be presented, the first determination of the QE witness in a relistic preclinical scenario viz. 18-F source with gamma produced from annihilation in tissue (mouse heart). The future programme of MeVQE in establishing QEPET will also be outlined.
This report results from a contract tasking Moscow State University as follows: Exploration of methods to control the radiative gamma- processes in nuclei is currently one of the most promising investigation directions of the modern Quantum Nucleonics - a new realm of contemporary Physics which spreads the basic conceptual ideas and methods of optical Quantum Electronics of atoms and molecules to the gamma-ray range and atomic nuclei and even anti-particles. One of the most important problems in this field is the generation of coherent gamma-radiation by a Gamma-ray Lasing (GRL) process which makes use of excited nuclei as an amplifying medium. The most likely medium for gamma-ray lasers is an ensemble of metastable nuclear isomers, Direct excitation of these isomeric states by electrons or X-ray photons will also create a deeper understanding of nuclear structure and properties.
Observation of possible stimulated emission of Mossbauer gamma is reported by liquid-nitrogen quenching of rhodium sample from room temperature to 77K in the time-resolved Mossbauer spectroscopy. Recently, we have demonstrated the anomalous emission of three entangled gammas of the E3 Mossbauer transition generated by bremsstrahlung irradiation. In this work, we further report the high-speed decay of excited state. We conjecture that cooling shrinkage, gravitational redshift and crystal lattice collimate entangled gammas in a linear cavity. This opens up a new approach towards gamma lasing, if the stimulated emission occurs at this obtained low excitation density.
We report experiments in which two indium foils were quantum entangled via photoexcitation of stable 115In to radioactive 115mIn by utilizing Bremsstrahlung gamma photons produced by a Varian Compact Linear Accelerator (CLINAC). After photo-excitation, remote triggering of the "master" foil with low energy gamma photons, yielded stimulated emissions of 336 keV gamma photons from quantum entangled 115mIn in the "slave" foil located up to 1600 m away from the "master" foil. These experiments strongly demonstrate that useful quantum information can be transferred through quantum channels via modulation of quantum noise (accelerated radioactive decay of 115mIn metastable nuclei). Thus, this modality of QE transmission is fundamentally different from optical QE information transfer via quantum entangled space "q-bits" as developed by information theorists for quantum channel information transfer. Additionally, there is no obvious potential for signal degradation with increasing distance nor the problems associated with misalignment of optical information transfer systems.