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arXiv:cond-mat/9912358 · Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Breakdown of the Landau-Fermi liquid in two dimensions due to umklapp scattering

Carsten Honerkamp A, Manfred Salmhofer B, Nobuo Furukawa, Thomas Maurice Rice

Published Jan 2, 2001• 339 citations
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Abstract

We study the renormalization-group (RG) flow of interactions in the two-dimensional ${t\ensuremath{-}t}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ Hubbard model near half-filling in an N-patch representation of the whole Fermi surface. Starting from weak to intermediate couplings the flows are to strong coupling, with different characters depending on the choice of parameters. In a large parameter region elastic umklapp scatterings drive an instability which on parts of the Fermi surface exhibits the key signatures of an insulating spin liquid (ISL), as proposed by Furukawa, Rice, and Salmhofer [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3195 (1998)] rather than a conventional symmetry-broken state. The ISL is characterized by both strong d-wave pairing and antiferromagnetic correlations; however, it is insulating due to the vanishing local charge compressibility and a spin liquid because of the spin gap arising from the pairing correlations. We find that the unusual RG flow, which we interpret in terms of an ISL, is a consequence of a Fermi surface close to the saddle points at the Brillouin-zone boundaries which provides an intrinsic and mutually reinforcing coupling between pairing and umklapp channels.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.63.035109

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We study the renormalization-group (RG) flow of interactions in the two-dimensional t\ensuremath−t\ensuremath′{t\ensuremath{-}t}^{\ensuremath{'}}t\ensuremath−t\ensuremath′ Hubbard model near half-filling in an N-patch representation of the whole Fermi surface. Starting from weak to intermediate couplings the flows are to strong coupling, with different characters depending on the choice of parameters. In a large parameter region elastic umklapp scatterings drive an instability which on parts of the Fermi surface exhibits the key signatures of an insulating spin liquid (ISL), as proposed by Furukawa, Rice, and Salmhofer [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3195 (1998)] rather than a conventional symmetry-broken state. The ISL is characterized by both strong d-wave pairing and antiferromagnetic correlations; however, it is insulating due to the vanishing local charge compressibility and a spin liquid because of the spin gap arising from the pairing correlations. We find that the unusual RG flow, which we interpret in terms of an ISL, is a consequence of a Fermi surface close to the saddle points at the Brillouin-zone boundaries which provides an intrinsic and mutually reinforcing coupling between pairing and umklapp channels.
We examine a two-dimensional Fermi liquid with a Fermi surface which touches the Umklapp surface first at the four points as the electron density is increased. Umklapp processes at the four patches near lead the renormalization group equations to scale to strong coupling, resembling the behaviour of a two-leg ladder at half-filling. The incompressible character of the fixed point causes a breakdown of Landau theory at these patches. A further increase in density spreads the incompressible regions so that the open Fermi surface shrinks to four disconnected segments. This non-Landau state, in which parts of the Fermi surface are truncated to form an insulating spin liquid, has many features in common with phenomenological models recently proposed for the cuprate superconductors.
We study a two-dimensional Fermi liquid with a Fermi surface containing the saddle points $(\ensuremath{\pi},0)$ and $(0,\ensuremath{\pi})$. Including Cooper and Peierls channel contributions leads to a one-loop renormalization group flow to strong coupling for short range repulsive interactions. In a certain parameter range the characteristics of the fixed point, opening of a spin and charge gap, and dominant pairing correlations are similar to those of a two-leg ladder at half-filling. We argue that an increase of the electron density leads to a truncation of the Fermi surface to only four disconnected arcs.
We analyze the particle-hole symmetric two-dimensional Hubbard model on a square lattice starting from weak-to-moderate couplings by means of the field-theoretical renormalization group approach up to two-loop order. This method is essential in order to evaluate the effect of the momentum-resolved anomalous dimension $\ensuremath{\eta}(\mathbf{p})$ which arises in the normal phase of this model on the corresponding low-energy single-particle excitations. As a result, we find important indications pointing to the existence of a non-Fermi-liquid (NFL) regime at temperature $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ displaying a truncated Fermi surface (FS) for a doping range exactly in between the well-known antiferromagnetic insulating and the ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$-wave singlet superconducting phases. This NFL evolves as a function of doping into a correlated metal with a large FS before the ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$-wave pairing susceptibility finally produces the dominant instability in the low-energy limit.
Salmhofer [Commun. Math. Phys. 194, 249 (1998)] recently developed a new renormalization-group method for interacting Fermi systems, where the complete flow from the bare action of a microscopic model to the effective low-energy action, as a function of a continuously decreasing infrared cutoff, is given by a differential flow equation which is local in the flow parameter. We apply this approach to the repulsive two-dimensional Hubbard model with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor hopping amplitudes. The flow equation for the effective interaction is evaluated numerically on a one-loop level. The effective interactions diverge at a finite-energy scale which is exponentially small for small bare interactions. To analyze the nature of the instabilities signaled by the diverging interactions we extend Salmhofer's renormalization group for the calculation of susceptibilities. We compute the singlet superconducting susceptibilities for various pairing symmetries, and also charge- and spin-density susceptibilities. Depending on the choice of the model parameters (hopping amplitudes, interaction strength, and band filling) we find commensurate and incommensurate antiferromagnetic instabilities or d-wave superconductivity as leading instability. We present the resulting phase diagram in the vicinity of half-filling, and also results for the density dependence of the critical energy scale.
We calculate the charge compressibility and uniform spin susceptibility for the two-dimensional (2D) Hubbard model slightly away from half filling within a two-loop renormalization group scheme. We find numerically that both those quantities flow to zero as we increase the initial interaction strength from weak to intermediate couplings. This result implies gap openings in both charge and spin excitation spectra for the latter interaction regime. When this occurs, the ground state of the lightly doped 2D Hubbard model may be interpreted as an insulating spin liquid as opposed to a Mott insulating state.
Many-body instabilities of the half-filled honeycomb bilayer are studied using weak-coupling renormalization group (RG) as well as strong-coupling expansion. For spinless fermions and assuming parabolic degeneracy, there are four independent four-fermion contact couplings. While the dominant instability depends on the microscopic values of the couplings, the broken symmetry state is typically a gapped insulator with either broken inversion symmetry or broken time-reversal symmetry, with a quantized anomalous Hall effect. Under certain conditions, the dominant instability may appear in the particle-particle (pairing) channel. For some nongeneric fine-tuned initial conditions, weak-coupling RG trajectories flow into the noninteracting fixed point, although generally we find runaway flows which we associate with ordering tendencies. Additionally, a tight-binding model with nearest-neighbor hopping and nearest-neighbor repulsion is studied in weak and strong couplings and in each regime a gapped phase with inversion symmetry breaking is found. In the strong-coupling limit, the ground-state wave function is constructed for vanishing in-plane hopping but finite interplane hopping, which explicitly displays the broken inversion symmetry and a finite difference between the number of particles on the two layers. Finally, we discuss the spin-1/2 case and use Fierz identities to show that the number of independent four-fermion contact couplings is 9. The corresponding RG equations in the spin-1/2 case are also presented, and used to show that, just as in strong coupling, the most dominant weak-coupling instability of the repulsive Hubbard model (at half filling) is an antiferromagnet.