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arXiv:cond-mat/0412758 · Physical Review B

Semiconductor microstructure in a squeezed vacuum: Electron-hole plasma luminescence

Eran Ginossar, Shimon Levit

Published Aug 12, 2005• 6 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We consider a semiconductor quantum-well placed in a waveguide microcavity and interacting with the broadband squeezed vacuum radiation, which fills one mode of the waveguide with a large average occupation. The waveguide modifies the optical density of states so that the quantum well interacts mostly with the squeezed vacuum. The vacuum is squeezed around the externally controlled central frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$, which is tuned above the electron-hole gap ${E}_{g}$, and induces fluctuations in the interband polarization of the quantum well. The power spectrum of scattered light exhibits a peak around ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$, which is moreover non-Lorentzian and is a result of both the squeezing and the particle-hole continuum. The squeezing spectrum is qualitatively different from the atomic case. We discuss the possibility of observing the above phenomena in the presence of additional nonradiative (e-e, phonon) dephasing.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.72.075333

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•Jan 1, 2005•0 citations
We consider a semiconductor quantum-well placed in a waveguide microcavity and interacting with the broadband squeezed vacuum radiation, which fills one mode of the waveguide with a large average occupation. The waveguide modifies the optical density of states so that the quantum well interacts mostly with the squeezed vacuum. The vacuum is squeezed around the externally controlled central frequency \ensuremathω0{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}\ensuremathω0​, which is tuned above the electron-hole gap Eg{E}_{g}Eg​, and induces fluctuations in the interband polarization of the quantum well. The power spectrum of scattered light exhibits a peak around \ensuremathω0{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}\ensuremathω0​, which is moreover non-Lorentzian and is a result of both the squeezing and the particle-hole continuum. The squeezing spectrum is qualitatively different from the atomic case. We discuss the possibility of observing the above phenomena in the presence of additional nonradiative (e-e, phonon) dephasing.
We consider theoretically a semiconductor nanostructure embedded in one-dimensional microcavity and study the modification of its electron energy spectrum by the vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. To solve the problem, a nonperturbative diagrammatic approach based on the Green's function formalism is developed. It is shown that the interaction of the system with the vacuum fluctuations of the optical cavity opens gaps within the valence band of the semiconductor. The approach is verified for the case of large photon occupation numbers, proving the validity of the model by comparing to previous studies of the semiconductor system excited by a classical electromagnetic field. The developed theory is of general character and allows for unification of quantum and classical descriptions of the strong light-matter interaction in semiconductor structures.
We construct a theory for Bose-Einstein condensation of light in nanofabricated semiconductor microcavities. We model the semiconductor by one conduction and one valence band which consist of electrons and holes that interact via a Coulomb interaction. Moreover, we incorporate screening effects by using a contact interaction with the scattering length for a Yukawa potential and describe in this manner the crossover from exciton gas to electron-hole plasma as we increase the excitation level of the semiconductor. We then show that the dynamics of the light in the microcavities is damped due to the coupling to the semiconductor. Furthermore, we demonstrate that on the electron-hole plasma side of the crossover, which is relevant for the Bose-Einstein condensation of light, this damping can be described by a single dimensionless damping parameter that depends on the external pumping. Hereafter, we propose to probe the superfluidity of light in these nanofabricated semiconductor microcavities by making use of the differences in the response in the normal or superfluid phase to a sudden rotation of the trap. In particular, we determine frequencies and damping of the scissors modes that are excited in this manner. Moreover, we show that a distinct signature of the dynamical Casimir effect can be observed in the density-density correlations of the excited light fluid.
In this invited paper of the 28th International Conference of the Physics of Semiconductors (ICPS-28), we discuss the peculiar quantum electrodynamical properties of a semiconductor microcavity system, in which a cavity photon mode is strongly coupled to an intersubband transition of a doped quantum well system. In this kind of semiconductor system, it is possible to achieve an unprecedented ultrastrong coupling regime, in which the vacuum Rabi frequency is comparable to the electronic transition frequency. We discuss the anomalous quantum properties of the quantum ground state (a squeezed vacuum) and of the intersubband cavity polariton excitations. We address the role of dissipation and point out some future perspectives concerning the investigation of quantum vacuum radiation effects induced by an ultrafast time modulation of the quantum vacuum.
The interaction between a squeezed vacuum and a semiconductor quantum dot microcavity is studied. The influence of this interaction on the photon statistics, one measurable quantity, is investigated in the presence of the electron–phonon interaction. When the system interacts with the squeezed vacuum, the non-classical features of the emitted photons are studied. It turns out that the photon counting statistics depend on the detuning and temperature. The emitted photons also exhibit non-classical features such as anti-bunching, and their non-classical features depend on the degree of squeezing. Moreover, it is found that the stronger the squeezed vacuum, the weaker the non-classical features in the photon counting statistics.
Squeezed light is a particularly useful quantum resource, which finds broad applications in quantum information processing, quantum metrology and sensing, and biological measurements. Here we show how to produce squeezed light exploiting the strong exciton–phonon nonlinear interaction in a semiconductor microcavity. The semiconductor microcavity is embedded with a quantum well, which supports both linear and nonlinear interactions among excitons, phonons, and cavity photons. We show that the strong exciton–phonon deformation potential interaction can induce a quadrature-squeezed cavity output field, and further reveal an important role of the exciton–photon coupling in engineering the squeezing spectrum and improving the robustness of the squeezing against thermal noise. Our results indicate that substantial optical squeezing in a broad band, up to tens of gigahertz, can be achieved using currently available parameters.
Different aspects of the photoluminescence from semiconductor quantum-confined structures are studied in this dissertation, for a better understanding of fundamental physics of semiconductors.The precursor of any photoluminescence study is the characterization of the linear optical properties of the semiconductor structure. High resolution absorption measurements were performed in order to study the interplay of disorder and acoustic phonon scattering in a quantum well. Also, reflectivity measurements, together with a fitting procedure based on the transfer matrix formalism, are used to determine the thickness of samples.Excitons are atom-like quasi-particles, formed from a bound electron-hole pair. They follow a Bose-Einstein statistic, so in principle it is possible to achieve an excitonic Bose-Einstein condensate. Time resolved photoluminescence measurements were performed over an extensive range of lattice temperatures and carrier concentrations, in order to determine the fraction of excitons formed from the electron-hole plasma in a quantum well, after non-resonant excitation. The experimental spectra were compared to a pure plasma calculation first, then excitons were taken into account. The highest fraction of formed excitons is found for low temperatures and intermediate carrier densities. This fraction is found to be very small, and this has clear implications on the excitonic Bose-Einstein condensation studies.The photoluminescence emitted left and right from a quantum well is interfered in a modified Mach-Zender interferometer. It is shown that the light emitted on the two paths will interfere for a V-shape geometry and will not for any other paths.A structure formed by placing a quantum well in a field antinode of a resonant planar microcavity exhibits normal mode coupling: splitting of the resonance spectral line. The coherence properties of the photoluminescence from a normal-mode-coupling microcavity are studied using another version of the Mach-Zender interferometer. The degree of coherence measured in this way depends greatly on the pump wavelength and intensity, ranging from zero to 0.8. However, direct observation of the emission speckle shows significant coherence in all cases. The difference is explained by the different methods used to evaluate the coherence.The strong coupling between a quantum dot and a photonic crystal nanocavity is investigated by observation of photoluminescence. A new method of tunning the cavity wavelength by deposition of a thin film of solid Xenon on all the surfaces of the sample is presented. The method allows the scanning of the cavity wavelength with about 5 nm without a decrease in the quality factor and without changing the temperature.Finally, an extensive study of the quality factors of quantum dot photonic crystal nanocavities is presented. The role of the quantum dot ensemble absorption is investigated. At higher excitation levels, lasing is observed and discussed.