Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:cond-mat/0412066 · Physical Review A

Quantum kinetic theory of a Bose-Einstein gas confined in a lattice

Ana María Rey, B. L. Hu, Esteban Calzetta, Charles W. Clark

Published Aug 4, 2005• 21 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We extend our earlier work on the nonequilibrium dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate initially loaded into a one-dimensional optical lattice. From the two-particle-irreducible (2PI) closed-time-path (CTP) effective action for the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian we derive causal equations of motion that treat mean-field effects and quantum fluctuations on an equal footing. We demonstrate that these equations reproduce well-known limits when simplifying approximations are introduced. For example, when the system dynamics admits two-time separation, we obtain the Kadanoff-Baym equations of quantum kinetic theory, and in the weakly interacting limit, we show that the local equilibrium solutions of our equations reproduce the second-order corrections to the self-energy of the type originally derived by Beliaev. The derivation of quantum kinetic equations from the 2PI-CTP effective action not only checks the viability of the formalism but also shows it to be a tractable framework for going beyond standard Boltzmann equations of motion.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.72.023604

Related papers

Nonequilibrium dynamics of optical-lattice-loaded Bose-Einstein-condensate atoms: Beyond the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation

Ana María Rey, B. L. Hu, Esteban Calzetta +2 more

In this work a two-particle irreducible (2PI) closed-time-path (CTP) effective action is used to describe the nonequilibrium dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate selectively loaded into every third site of a one-dimensional optical lattice. The motivation of this work is the recent experimental realization of this system. Patterned loading methods may be useful for quantum computing with trapped atoms. This system also serves to illustrate many basic issues in nonequilibrium quantum-field theory pertaining to the dynamics of quantum correlations and fluctuations which goes beyond the capability of a mean-field theory. By numerically evolving in time the initial-state configuration using the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian an exact quantum solution is available for this system in the case of few atoms and wells. One can also use it to test various approximate methods. Under the 2PI CTP scheme with this initial configuration, three different approximations are considered: (a) the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) approximation, (b) the next-to-leading-order $1∕\mathcal{N}$ expansion of the 2PI effective action up to second order in the interaction strength, and (c) a second-order perturbative expansion in the interaction strength. We present detailed comparisons between these approximations and determine their range of validity by contrasting them with the exact many-body solution for a moderate number of atoms and wells. As a general feature we observe that because the second-order 2PI approximations include multiparticle scattering in a systematic way, they are able to capture damping effects exhibited in the exact solution, which a mean-field collisionless approach fails to produce. While the second-order approximations show a clear improvement over the HFB approximation, our numerical results show that they fail at late times, when interaction effects are significant.

arXiv:cond-mat/0308305•Physical Review A•Mar 22, 2004•100 citations

Nonequilibrium dynamics of condensates in a lattice with the two-particle-irreducible effective action in the 1∕N expansion

Kristan Temme, Thomas Gasenzer

The dynamical evolution of a Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in a one-dimensional lattice potential is investigated theoretically in the framework of the Bose-Hubbard model. The emphasis is set on the far-from-equilibrium evolution in a case where the gas is strongly interacting. This is realized by an appropriate choice of the parameters in the Hamiltonian, and by starting with an initial state, where one lattice well contains a Bose-Einstein condensate while all other wells are empty. Oscillations of the condensate as well as noncondensate fractions of the gas between the different sites of the lattice are found to be damped as a consequence of the collisional interactions between the atoms. Functional integral techniques involving self-consistently determined mean fields as well as two-point correlation functions are used to derive the two-particle-irreducible (2PI) effective action. The action is expanded in inverse powers of the number of field components $\mathcal{N}$, and the dynamic equations are derived from it to next-to-leading order in this expansion. This approach reaches considerably beyond the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov mean-field theory, and its results are compared to the exact quantum dynamics obtained by Rey et al. [Phys. Rev. A 69, 033610 (2004)] for small atom numbers.

arXiv:cond-mat/0607116•Physical Review A•Nov 2, 2006•16 citations

Self-consistent Quantum Kinetics of Condensate and Non-condensate via a Coupled Equations of Motion Formalism

Nick P. Proukakis

This paper extends an earlier quantum kinetics treatment for dilute, weakly interacting, partially Bose-Einstein condensed gases, presented by the author elsewhere (Proukakis N P and Burnett K 1996 J. Res. Natl Inst. Stand. Technol. 101 457), by consistently treating the dynamics of the uncondensed atoms to the same level of approximation as the condensed atoms. Our method is based on a hierarchy of coupled equations of motion for the condensate mean field and fluctuations around this mean field, truncated to second order in the (effective two-body) interatomic potential, and with suitable decoupling approximations for higher-order correlations. By applying perturbation theory in the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov basis, we re-derive the quantum kinetic theory of Walser et al (Walser R, Williams J, Cooper J and Holland M 1999 Phys. Rev. A 59 3878), which further indicates the consistency of our treatment with the Kadanoff-Baym non-equilibrium Green function formalism for trapped gases.

•Dec 31, 2001•0 citations

Nonequilibrium quantum fields: Closed-time-path effective action, Wigner function, and Boltzmann equation

Esteban Calzetta, B. L. Hu

This is the first of a series of papers which describe the functional-integral approach to the study of the statistical and kinetic properties of nonequilibrium quantum fields in flat and curved spacetimes. In this paper we treat a system of self-interacting bosons described by \ensuremath{\lambda}${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ scalar fields in flat space. We adopt the closed-time-path (CTP or ``in-in'') functional formalism and use a two-particle irreducible (2PI) representation for the effective action. These formalisms allow for a full account of the dynamics of quantum fields, and put the correlation functions on an equal footing with the mean fields. By assuming a thermal distribution we recover the real-time finite-temperature theory as a special case. By requiring the CTP effective action to be stationary with respect to variations of the correlation functions we obtain an infinite set of coupled equations which is the quantum-field-theoretical generalization of the Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon (BBGKY) hierarchy. Truncation of this series leads to dissipative characteristics in the subsystem. In this context we discuss the nature of dissipation in interacting quantum fields.To one-loop order in a perturbative expansion of the CTP effective action, the 2PI formalism yields results equivalent to the leading 1/N expansion for an O(N)-symmetric scalar field. To higher-loop order we introduce a two-time approximation to separate the quantum-field effects of radiative correction and renormalization from the statistical-kinetic effects of collisions and relaxation. In the weak-coupling quasiuniform limit, the system of nonequilibrium quantum fields can subscribe to a kinetic theory description wherein the propagators are represented in terms of relativistic Wigner distribution functions. From a two-loop calculation we derive the Boltzmann equation for the distribution function and the gap equation for the effective mass of the quasiparticles. One can define an entropy function for the quantum gas of quasiparticles which satisfies the H theorem. We also calculate the limits to the validity of the binary collision approximation from a three-loop analysis. The theoretical framework established here can be generalized to nonconstant background fields and for curved spacetimes.

Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields•May 15, 1988•539 citations

2PI nonequilibrium versus transport equations for an ultracold Bose gas

Alexander Branschädel, Thomas Gasenzer

The far-from-equilibrium dynamics of an ultracold, one-dimensional Bose gas is studied. The focus is set on the comparison between the solutions of fully dynamical evolution equations derived from the two-particle irreducible (2PI) effective action and their corresponding kinetic approximation in the form of Boltzmann-type transport equations. It is shown that during the time evolution of the gas a kinetic description which includes non-Markovian memory effects in a gradient expansion becomes valid. The timescale at which this occurs is shown to exceed significantly the timescale at which the system's evolution enters a near-equilibrium drift period where a fluctuation–dissipation relation is found to hold and which would seem to be predestined for the kinetic approximation.

arXiv:0801.4466•Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Jun 23, 2008•15 citations

Self-consistent quantum kinetics of condensate and non-condensate via a coupled equation of motion formalism

Nick P. Proukakis

This paper extends an earlier quantum kinetics treatment for dilute, weakly interacting, partially Bose-Einstein condensed gases, presented by the author elsewhere (Proukakis N P and Burnett K 1996 J. Res. Natl Inst. Stand. Technol. 101 457), by consistently treating the dynamics of the uncondensed atoms to the same level of approximation as the condensed atoms. Our method is based on a hierarchy of coupled equations of motion for the condensate mean field and fluctuations around this mean field, truncated to second order in the (effective two-body) interatomic potential, and with suitable decoupling approximations for higher-order correlations. By applying perturbation theory in the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov basis, we re-derive the quantum kinetic theory of Walser et al (Walser R, Williams J, Cooper J and Holland M 1999 Phys. Rev. A 59 3878), which further indicates the consistency of our treatment with the Kadanoff-Baym non-equilibrium Green function formalism for trapped gases.

arXiv:cond-mat/0203450•Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Nov 23, 2001•28 citations
We extend our earlier work on the nonequilibrium dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate initially loaded into a one-dimensional optical lattice. From the two-particle-irreducible (2PI) closed-time-path (CTP) effective action for the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian we derive causal equations of motion that treat mean-field effects and quantum fluctuations on an equal footing. We demonstrate that these equations reproduce well-known limits when simplifying approximations are introduced. For example, when the system dynamics admits two-time separation, we obtain the Kadanoff-Baym equations of quantum kinetic theory, and in the weakly interacting limit, we show that the local equilibrium solutions of our equations reproduce the second-order corrections to the self-energy of the type originally derived by Beliaev. The derivation of quantum kinetic equations from the 2PI-CTP effective action not only checks the viability of the formalism but also shows it to be a tractable framework for going beyond standard Boltzmann equations of motion.
In this work a two-particle irreducible (2PI) closed-time-path (CTP) effective action is used to describe the nonequilibrium dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate selectively loaded into every third site of a one-dimensional optical lattice. The motivation of this work is the recent experimental realization of this system. Patterned loading methods may be useful for quantum computing with trapped atoms. This system also serves to illustrate many basic issues in nonequilibrium quantum-field theory pertaining to the dynamics of quantum correlations and fluctuations which goes beyond the capability of a mean-field theory. By numerically evolving in time the initial-state configuration using the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian an exact quantum solution is available for this system in the case of few atoms and wells. One can also use it to test various approximate methods. Under the 2PI CTP scheme with this initial configuration, three different approximations are considered: (a) the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) approximation, (b) the next-to-leading-order 1∕N1∕\mathcal{N}1∕N expansion of the 2PI effective action up to second order in the interaction strength, and (c) a second-order perturbative expansion in the interaction strength. We present detailed comparisons between these approximations and determine their range of validity by contrasting them with the exact many-body solution for a moderate number of atoms and wells. As a general feature we observe that because the second-order 2PI approximations include multiparticle scattering in a systematic way, they are able to capture damping effects exhibited in the exact solution, which a mean-field collisionless approach fails to produce. While the second-order approximations show a clear improvement over the HFB approximation, our numerical results show that they fail at late times, when interaction effects are significant.
The dynamical evolution of a Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in a one-dimensional lattice potential is investigated theoretically in the framework of the Bose-Hubbard model. The emphasis is set on the far-from-equilibrium evolution in a case where the gas is strongly interacting. This is realized by an appropriate choice of the parameters in the Hamiltonian, and by starting with an initial state, where one lattice well contains a Bose-Einstein condensate while all other wells are empty. Oscillations of the condensate as well as noncondensate fractions of the gas between the different sites of the lattice are found to be damped as a consequence of the collisional interactions between the atoms. Functional integral techniques involving self-consistently determined mean fields as well as two-point correlation functions are used to derive the two-particle-irreducible (2PI) effective action. The action is expanded in inverse powers of the number of field components N\mathcal{N}N, and the dynamic equations are derived from it to next-to-leading order in this expansion. This approach reaches considerably beyond the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov mean-field theory, and its results are compared to the exact quantum dynamics obtained by Rey et al. [Phys. Rev. A 69, 033610 (2004)] for small atom numbers.
This paper extends an earlier quantum kinetics treatment for dilute, weakly interacting, partially Bose-Einstein condensed gases, presented by the author elsewhere (Proukakis N P and Burnett K 1996 J. Res. Natl Inst. Stand. Technol. 101 457), by consistently treating the dynamics of the uncondensed atoms to the same level of approximation as the condensed atoms. Our method is based on a hierarchy of coupled equations of motion for the condensate mean field and fluctuations around this mean field, truncated to second order in the (effective two-body) interatomic potential, and with suitable decoupling approximations for higher-order correlations. By applying perturbation theory in the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov basis, we re-derive the quantum kinetic theory of Walser et al (Walser R, Williams J, Cooper J and Holland M 1999 Phys. Rev. A 59 3878), which further indicates the consistency of our treatment with the Kadanoff-Baym non-equilibrium Green function formalism for trapped gases.
This is the first of a series of papers which describe the functional-integral approach to the study of the statistical and kinetic properties of nonequilibrium quantum fields in flat and curved spacetimes. In this paper we treat a system of self-interacting bosons described by \ensuremath{\lambda}${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ scalar fields in flat space. We adopt the closed-time-path (CTP or ``in-in'') functional formalism and use a two-particle irreducible (2PI) representation for the effective action. These formalisms allow for a full account of the dynamics of quantum fields, and put the correlation functions on an equal footing with the mean fields. By assuming a thermal distribution we recover the real-time finite-temperature theory as a special case. By requiring the CTP effective action to be stationary with respect to variations of the correlation functions we obtain an infinite set of coupled equations which is the quantum-field-theoretical generalization of the Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon (BBGKY) hierarchy. Truncation of this series leads to dissipative characteristics in the subsystem. In this context we discuss the nature of dissipation in interacting quantum fields.To one-loop order in a perturbative expansion of the CTP effective action, the 2PI formalism yields results equivalent to the leading 1/N expansion for an O(N)-symmetric scalar field. To higher-loop order we introduce a two-time approximation to separate the quantum-field effects of radiative correction and renormalization from the statistical-kinetic effects of collisions and relaxation. In the weak-coupling quasiuniform limit, the system of nonequilibrium quantum fields can subscribe to a kinetic theory description wherein the propagators are represented in terms of relativistic Wigner distribution functions. From a two-loop calculation we derive the Boltzmann equation for the distribution function and the gap equation for the effective mass of the quasiparticles. One can define an entropy function for the quantum gas of quasiparticles which satisfies the H theorem. We also calculate the limits to the validity of the binary collision approximation from a three-loop analysis. The theoretical framework established here can be generalized to nonconstant background fields and for curved spacetimes.
The far-from-equilibrium dynamics of an ultracold, one-dimensional Bose gas is studied. The focus is set on the comparison between the solutions of fully dynamical evolution equations derived from the two-particle irreducible (2PI) effective action and their corresponding kinetic approximation in the form of Boltzmann-type transport equations. It is shown that during the time evolution of the gas a kinetic description which includes non-Markovian memory effects in a gradient expansion becomes valid. The timescale at which this occurs is shown to exceed significantly the timescale at which the system's evolution enters a near-equilibrium drift period where a fluctuation–dissipation relation is found to hold and which would seem to be predestined for the kinetic approximation.
This paper extends an earlier quantum kinetics treatment for dilute, weakly interacting, partially Bose-Einstein condensed gases, presented by the author elsewhere (Proukakis N P and Burnett K 1996 J. Res. Natl Inst. Stand. Technol. 101 457), by consistently treating the dynamics of the uncondensed atoms to the same level of approximation as the condensed atoms. Our method is based on a hierarchy of coupled equations of motion for the condensate mean field and fluctuations around this mean field, truncated to second order in the (effective two-body) interatomic potential, and with suitable decoupling approximations for higher-order correlations. By applying perturbation theory in the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov basis, we re-derive the quantum kinetic theory of Walser et al (Walser R, Williams J, Cooper J and Holland M 1999 Phys. Rev. A 59 3878), which further indicates the consistency of our treatment with the Kadanoff-Baym non-equilibrium Green function formalism for trapped gases.