The energy within the earth's mass can be calculated to be 10 -18 J/proton with a quantum equivalence resulting in a frequency of about 1.1·10 15 Hz. The comparative frequency for the ground state of the Bohr magneton (atom) is 7.18·10 15 Hz. This difference is within the measurement error of 2π. We offer quantitative solutions to suggest manifestations of gravitational and electromagnetic (wave) energies could alternate with each electron orbit (in the order of 10 -16 s, the time required for a photon to traverse a neuronal cell membrane) resulting in both particle and wave properties. Because the increments of time by which phenomena are measured are much longer, wave-particle duality results from the superimposition of characteristics. There are theoretical ramifications, directly relevant to consciousness, for quantitative solutions that relate the gravitational energy between a proton and an electron applied over the standing wavelength of the electromagnetic orbital frequency to the upper limit of the rest mass of the photon. Under optimal conditions one manifestation of gravitational-electromagnetic convergence may occur within molecular structures at concentrations of approximately a femtomole.
The energy within the earth's mass can be calculated to be 10 -18 J/proton with a quantum equivalence resulting in a frequency of about 1.1·10 15 Hz. The comparative frequency for the ground state of the Bohr magneton (atom) is 7.18·10 15 Hz. This difference is within the measurement error of 2π. We offer quantitative solutions to suggest manifestations of gravitational and electromagnetic (wave) energies could alternate with each electron orbit (in the order of 10 -16 s, the time required for a photon to traverse a neuronal cell membrane) resulting in both particle and wave properties. Because the increments of time by which phenomena are measured are much longer, wave-particle duality results from the superimposition of characteristics. There are theoretical ramifications, directly relevant to consciousness, for quantitative solutions that relate the gravitational energy between a proton and an electron applied over the standing wavelength of the electromagnetic orbital frequency to the upper limit of the rest mass of the photon. Under optimal conditions one manifestation of gravitational-electromagnetic convergence may occur within molecular structures at concentrations of approximately a femtomole.
The classical electrodynamic conclusion that an accelerating point charge mustradiate has long been regarded as an iron law, yet the electron in the hydrogen atom does notradiate and fall into the nucleus. This paper points out that the root of this contradiction is not inclassical electromagnetic theory itself, but in the untested hidden assumption that “the electronis a point particle”. Compton scattering experiments have already shown that the electron, whencolliding with a photon, behaves as a particle with a finite size, and its intrinsic geometric radius isgiven by the reduced Compton wavelength: re = ℏ/(mec) . Based on this physical fact, andconsidering that while the electron revolves around the nucleus (orbital motion) it also has anintrinsic spin, the electron itself generates two homologous electromagnetic radiation fields:orbital radiation and spin radiation. These two real electromagnetic waves always superpose andinterfere in space. Under specific conditions (frequencies forming an integer ratio, oppositephases, and matching amplitudes), the two waves completely interfere destructively, resulting inzero net external radiation and forming a stable standing wave inside the system– this is thestationary state of the hydrogen atom. The destructive interference condition naturally leads toωs = nΩ (n integer) and re/R = α/n2 , where α is the fine-structure constant. Combined withthe Coulomb force (centripetal force) equation, one uniquely obtains the quantized orbital radiiRn = n2a0 (a0 is the Bohr radius) and the angular momentum quantization Ln = nℏ . Thefine-structure constant thus acquires a geometric meaning: α = re/a0 .This paper further reveals the classical nature of wave-particle duality: the electron is always aparticle (with a definite trajectory), and its wave-like behavior comes from the superposition andinterference of the electromagnetic waves of spin and orbital radiation. The “particle-like”behavior observed in experiments is essentially the point-like signal produced when the photonradiated by the electron is absorbed, while the wave-particle duality of the photon itself is an1intrinsic property of it being an electromagnetic wave packet. Based on this picture, the paperprovides a classical causal explanation for the electron double-slit experiment– the electron asa particle barely passes through the slits; the interference fringes originate from theself-interference of the radiation wave packet (photon) generated by the electron interactingwith the slit plate, and the bright spots on the screen come from the discrete absorption eventsof photons, with the accumulation of many events forming the fringes. Observation inevitablydisturbs the electron because any measurement disrupts the destructive interference condition,thereby eliminating the mystery of “wavefunction collapse”.The paper also systematically expounds the electromagnetic nature of the photon: the photon isan electromagnetic wave packet radiated when the electron transitions between stationarystates due to the imbalance of interference; its energy E = hλ is determined solely by thefrequency, with constant amplitude; the photon is born at the speed of light because it originatesfrom a pre-existing electromagnetic wave. Finally, the paper discusses the essence of theelectromagnetic field: the electromagnetic field is not matter but energy; the vacuum is theground state electromagnetic field (filled with photons), and the cosmic microwave backgroundradiation is its observational evidence. Macroscopic electromagnetic fields (such as radio waves,visible light) are perturbations superimposed on the ground state field, acting as carriers ofenergy and information. The paper also links the background photon field to the cosmicmicrowave background radiation, providing a new causal picture for the interaction mechanismof charged particles and the inverse-square law of forces.This model is completely based on classical electromagnetism and the physical fact that theelectron has a finite size, providing a causally clear and physically intuitive unified picture for thestability of the hydrogen atom, quantized orbits, wave-particle duality, the nature of the photon,the double-slit experiment, the measurement problem, and the energy origin of theelectromagnetic field.The model further suggests that the proton may also be a similar self-sustaining electromagneticbound state, and the origin of cosmic matter can be attributed to the process of energy lockingby the condensation of electrons and positrons, offering a unified perspective for physicalphenomena from the atom tothe cosmos.
This article is a continuation of Part(I) to demonstrate more aspects for a successful merge of classical mechanics to the quantum theory. The article starts first with the deduction of the general form of the complimentary energy, next a robust firm mathematical proof is given indicates that the complimentary energy has a wave nature and it is a potential energy, then the radiation condition has been determined, a vector formula expresses the corresponding force was deduced and this force was called adhesion force. A mathematical convergence process has proved the duality of the electromagnetic wave parameters and particle parameters, which results in the existence of a “wave-particle” object. While finding the relationship between the electromagnetic wave parameters and particle parameters, a mathematical relationship was found indicating that not every moving charged mass generates a magnetic field. This relationship for the mass was linked to the effective mass tensor, The geometric representation of the constant energy surface and its relationship to the energy levels of both the orbital model (Bohr model) and the cloud model for different geometric 3D shapes were investigated as a sample of the possible geometric interpretations of the energy equation, that is by employing the triangle method, it is possible to create a geometric representation of the constant energy surfaces. The relation between the energy levels, quantum numbers, and band width is represented geometrically. As a result of proving the relationship between the motion of an electromagnetic wave and the motion of a particle associated with the wave, two new, unprecedented mathematical formulas were developed. The first formula specifies a moving charged mass and its relationship to the resulting wavelength. Thus, the radius of the charged mass is obtained in terms of its wavelength and mass density. The second formula specifies the kinetic energy of a photon. The grand potentials are the potential energy of the Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, Coulomb’s Law, and Inverse Square Law of Electromagnetic Waves Intensity. From the potential energy of Newton’s law of universal gravitation, the wavelength of the gravitational wave, as well as the wavelength of quantum gravity were deduced. A mathematical relationship was then deduced that determines the lengths of the functions of conic sections, and in particular the length of perimeter of ellipses. From the potential energy of Coulomb’s law of attraction, a mathematical formulation of the energy levels in general for any atom of an element was obtained. This mathematical formulation was compared with the results obtained by Bohr and Schrödinger for the hydrogen atom. As for the inverse square law of electromagnetic radiation intensity, several innovative mathematical equations have been deduced that link different parameters together. Following the contents of this article requires to be quite familiar with the contents of the first part with the same title, as well as a complete understanding of the concepts of intermediate parameters derived and used in the various equations. Otherwise, it will be extremely difficult to follow the contents of this article.
This paper further explores the structural similarities between the elementary quantum-mechanical wavefunction and circularly polarized electromagnetic waves to further tune a possible physical interpretation of the wavefunction. The interpretation that is offered analyzes the real and the imaginary part of the wavefunction as oscillations which each carry half of the total energy of the particle. These oscillations are perpendicular to each other, and the interplay between both may describe how energy propagates through space over time. The model is based on three fundamental premises: 1.The dimension of the matter-wave field vector is force per unit mass (N/kg), as opposed to the force per unit charge (N/C) dimension of the electric field vector. This dimension is an acceleration (m/s2), which is the dimension of the gravitational field. 2.This gravitational disturbance may cause a charged mass to move about some center, combining linear and circular motion. This interpretation may reconcile the wave-particle duality to some extent: fields interfere but if, at the same time, they do drive a pointlike particle, this may explain why, as Feynman puts it, “when you do find the electron some place, the entire charge is there.” This hybrid hypothesis is supported by an elegant yet simple derivation of the Compton radius of an electron. 3.In light of the direction of the magnetic moment of an electron in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, the plane which circumscribes the circulatory motion of the electron should also comprise the direction of its linear motion. Hence, unlike an electromagnetic wave, the plane of the two-dimensional oscillation cannot be perpendicular to the direction of motion of our electron. Finally, this paper addresses an issue which has hampered other physical interpretations of the wavefunction: amplitude transformations when going from one representation (or reference frame) to another. Indeed, the author re-visits the original mathematical arguments here and shows that the proposed model, and the related physical interpretation of the wavefunction, are not incompatible with the key results and mainstream logic in this regard.
Physical objects from quarks to planets have wavelike attributes. Q uantum theory offers an excellent mathematical structure for the wave -particle duality nature of photons, electrons, protons, neutrons, atoms and molecules. This article explains the electromagnetic inertia harmonic oscillation nature of quantum particles and gives a simple physical interpretation of the string theory, wave mechanics, two-slit interference and the Faraday effect. 1.0 The ELECTRON. An electron is an elementary particle with the smallest non -zero rest mass. It has a negative electric charge, w hich generates a field in free space, extending to infinity, and is conversely acted on by forces due to the field.
The two equations E = h × f and E = (h × c)/λ for the quantum of energy of electromagnetic radiation provide the same result but describe electromagnetic radiation very differently. E = (h × c)/λ describes the quantum of energy of electromagnetic radiation to be located already in one wavelength and therefore like a particle. E = h × f describes the quantum of energy distributed over 299 792 458 m and therefore like a wave. To obtain h × f for the quantum of energy, we have to refer the quantum of energy to 299 792 458 m. Only then we obtain from E = (h × c)/(299 792 458 m), as the distance of 299 792 458 m of the velocity c is cancelling out now, E = h × 1/s = h × Hz, which is the precondition to obtain the correct value for the quantum of energy by multiplying Planck’s constant h by the frequency f. This already indicates the necessity of today's physics to have to speak of a particle-wave duality. It turns out that electromagnetic radiation consists of the first wavelength that carries the quantum of energy and behaves like a particle, which today is called “photon,” and a few following wavelengths that do not carry a further quantum of energy and behave like a wave, which today is called “electromagnetic wave.” By this knowledge, the particle-wave duality vanishes, and we obtain one single physical phenomenon, which I call “photon-wave.” The strange behavior of quantum objects at a single slit, at double-slits, and at beam splitters can now be understood in a causal way. “God does not play dice!” Einstein was right.
Based on the law of conservation of energy, we have shown that, the steady state electronic motion around a given nucleus in a non-circular orbit depicts a rest mass variation, though the overall relativistic energy remains constant. This is, in no way, conflicting with the usual quantum mechanical approach. On the contrary, it provides us with the possibility of bridging the special theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, to finally achieve a natural symbiosis between these two disciplines, and furthermore, elucidating the “quantum mechanical weirdness”, simply based on the mere law of relativistic conservation of energy. Our theory was developed originally, vis-a-vis gravitational bodies in motion with regard to each other; hence, it is comforting to have both the atomic scale and the celestial scale described on just the same conceptual basis. One way to conceive the rest mass variation of concern is to consider a “jet effect”. Accordingly, a particle on a given orbit through its journey must eject a net mass from its back to accelerate, or must pile up a net mass from its front to decelerate, while its overall relativistic energy stays constant throughout. In other words, a minimal rest mass is transformed into extra kinetic energy through an acceleration process, and kinetic energy condenses into extra rest mass through a deceleration process. The tangential speed of the jet in question, strikingly points to the de Broglie wavelength. This, on the whole, makes the jet speed ‘’superluminal”, yet excluding any transport of energy. This conjecture coincides with the recent measurements (Kholmetskii et al., 2007; Salart et al., 2008), and provides a clue for the wave-particle duality, also insures their concurrent coexistence. An important consequence of the approach presented herein is that, either gravitationally interacting macroscopic bodies, or electrically interacting microscopic objects, sense each other, with a speed much greater than that of light, and this, in exactly the same way. In which case, though, the interaction coming into play, excludes any energy exchange; thus, we would like to call it, “wave-like interaction”. The present approach ends up the existing schizophrenia, between different conceptions painting separately the micro world and the macro world, and unites these two worlds with an unequal, single and simple conception, based on just the law of relativistic energy conservation.
Key words: Special theory of relativity, electric interaction, tachyons, de Broglie relationship, superluminal or wave-like interaction, general theory of relativity, gravitation.