One of the reasons for 1933 Nobel Prize for physics is “for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory” (namely Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation). While, this paper points out that Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation are improper. According to Neutrosophy, Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation have three situations of truth, falsehood and indeterminacy respectively. Three reasons lead to Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation are improper: firstly, they are not derived by the principle of conservation of energy; secondly, the random (stochastic) concept could lead to absurd results; thirdly, they cannot solve many problems such as gravitation. Applying partial and temporary unified theory of natural science so including all the equations of natural science so far (in which, the theory of everything to express all of natural laws, described by Hawking that a single equation could be written on a T-shirt, is partially and temporarily realized in the form of partial and temporary unified variational principle of natural science so far), this paper presents partial and temporary unified theory of quantum mechanics so far, this unified theory can be used to make Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation tend to be proper (making Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation are restricted (or constrained) by principle of conservation of energy, and thus they can satisfy the principle of conservation of energy; also making they are restricted (or constrained) by a certain gravitational theory, and establish partial and temporary unified theory of quantum-gravitation so far).
One of the reasons for 1933 Nobel Prize for physics is “for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory” (namely Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation). While, this paper points out that Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation are improper. According to Neutrosophy, Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation have three situations of truth, falsehood and indeterminacy respectively. Three reasons lead to Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation are improper: firstly, they are not derived by the principle of conservation of energy; secondly, the random (stochastic) concept could lead to absurd results; thirdly, they cannot solve many problems such as gravitation. Applying partial and temporary unified theory of natural science so including all the equations of natural science so far (in which, the theory of everything to express all of natural laws, described by Hawking that a single equation could be written on a T-shirt, is partially and temporarily realized in the form of partial and temporary unified variational principle of natural science so far), this paper presents partial and temporary unified theory of quantum mechanics so far, this unified theory can be used to make Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation tend to be proper (making Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation are restricted (or constrained) by principle of conservation of energy, and thus they can satisfy the principle of conservation of energy; also making they are restricted (or constrained) by a certain gravitational theory, and establish partial and temporary unified theory of quantum-gravitation so far).
Paul Dirac made contributions to theoretical physics that spanned quantum mechanics, relativity, gravity, and magnetism. Among these, the most important was arguably his connecting relativity and quantum mechanics. The Schrödinger equation is only correct for speeds much less than the speed of light. An equation correct for all speeds must include the energy associated with mass: E = mc2. The Dirac equation did just that. It also turned out to naturally include spin, which was an ad hoc addition to the wave functions obtained by the Schrödinger equation. He and Schrödinger shared the 1933 Nobel Prize.
This paper re-examines the key aspects of Dirac's derivation of his relativistic equation for the electron in order advance our understanding of the nature of quantum field theory. Dirac's derivation, the paper argues, follows the key principles behind Heisenberg's discovery of quantum mechanics, which, the paper also argues, transformed the nature of both theoretical and experimental physics vis-a-vis classical physics and relativity. However, the limit theory (a crucial consideration for both Dirac and Heisenberg) in the case of Dirac's theory was quantum mechanics, specifically, Schrodinger's equation, while in the case of quantum mechanics, in Heisenberg's version, the limit theory was classical mechanics. Dirac had to find a new equation, Dirac's equation, along with a new type of quantum variables, while Heisenberg, to find new theory, was able to use the equations of classical physics, applied to different, quantum-mechanical variables. In this respect, Dirac's task was more similar to that of Schrodinger in his work on his version of quantum mechanics. Dirac's equation reflects a more complex character of quantum electrodynamics or quantum field theory in general and of the corresponding (high-energy) experimental quantum physics vis-a-vis that of quantum mechanics and the (low-energy) experimental quantum physics. The final section examines this greater complexity and its implications for fundamental physics.
“Despite almost a century’s worth of study, it is still unclear how general relativity (GR) and quantum theory (QT) should be unified into a consistent theory. The conventional approach is to retain the foundational principles of QT, such as the superposition principle, and modify GR. This is referred to as ‘quantizing gravity’, resulting in a theory of ‘quantum gravity’. The opposite approach is ‘gravitizing QT’ where we attempt to keep the principles of GR, such as the equivalence principle, and consider how this leads to modifications of QT. What we are most lacking in understanding which route to take, if either, is experimental guidance. Here we consider using the Dirac–Pauli representation of free Dirac equation to search for the clues. In particular, we study how the double-slit diffraction experiment, when only one Dirac particle (‘say’ electron) at a time is in the apparatus, could test a gravitizing QT proposal in which the wavefunction collapse emerges on the detector screen from the Dirac–Pauli representation, as an objective process, resolving the measurement problem of QT.” [1] We found that the Dirac–Pauli representation is inherently a unified theory embodying a gravitizing QT proposal that Dirac–Pauli representation as wave nature is manifestation of inertial mass and the Foldy-Wouthuysen representation as particle nature is manifestation of gravitational mass such that the fact, that same physics is involved in these two representations, is simply the validity and exhibition of the principle of equivalence, of GR, in QT. [1] Richard Howl et al 2019 New J. Phys. 21 043047 DOI 10.1088/1367-2630/ab104a
Purpose. The Dirac equation is one of the fundamental equations of modern theoretical physics. It is in service more than 90 years (1928–2018). The application today is much wider than the areas of quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, atomic and nuclear physics, solid state physics. The successful derivation of some equation of mathematical physics is the first step to successful application. In such process the essence of the corresponding model of nature, the mathematical principles and the physical foundations are visualized. Here we deal with the different approaches to the problem of the Dirac equation derivation. Methods. The quantum-mechanical, quantum field-theoretical, group-theoretical, algebraic, symmetrical, statistical, stochastical and numerical approaches are used. Results. The 26 different ways of the Dirac equation derivation are presented. The various physical principles and mathematical formalisms are used. Three original approaches of the authors to the problem are given. They are (i) the generalization of H. Sallhofer derivation, (ii) the obtaining of the massless Dirac equation from the Maxwell equations in maximally symmetrical form, (iii) the derivation of the Dirac equation with nonzero mass from the relativistic quantum mechanics of the fermion-antifermion spin s = 1/2 doublet. In some sense the role of the Dirac equation today is demonstrated. Conclusions. The original investigation of the problem of the Dirac equation derivation is presented. The different approaches, which are based on the various mathematical and physical principles, are considered (26 methods). Therole of the scientists from Uzhhorod is shown. The importance of place of the Dirac equation in modern theoretical physics is discussed.
In this paper, we try to construct the famous Schrodinger equation of quantum mechanics in a very simple manner. It is shown that, even though the mathematical procedure of the construction may be correct, it is evident that the establishment of the Schrodinger equation is unreasonable in physics. We point out the application of the Schrodinger equation, in fact, will lead to the transformation of the studied system into an arbitrary variable pseudo physical system. This finding may help to uncover the nature of the nonlocality and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics. It is inevitable that the use of the Schrodinger equation will violate the law of conservation of energy. Hence, we argue that the Schrodinger equation is unsuitable to be applied to any physical systems.
People believe that the Schrödinger equation cannot be used to describe macroscopic objects like the Earth, and Newtonian mechanics cannot be used to describe microscopic systems. The old concept of the relationship between the existing laws of quantum mechanics and classical mechanics undoubtedly has a serious impact on people's understanding of the natural world, the development of physics theories, and the application of existing physics theories. The continuous development of physics theory requires constant changes to some incorrect old concepts. The Schrödinger equation that can describe planetary motion was successfully obtained by replacing the potential energy in the Hamiltonian operator from electromagnetic interaction potential energy to gravitational interaction potential energy. If the distance between the sun and the earth is approximated as a constant, the energy eigenvalues obtained by solving the Schrödinger equation for the Earth's revolution are completely consistent with the results obtained directly using classical mechanics. The direct significance of establishing and applying such equations is that they can simultaneously use classical mechanics and wave dynamics to describe all objects (no longer limited by the mass of the objects), simplifying the calculation process of quantum mechanics. It has been proven that classical mechanics and wave dynamics are compatible, and there is no insurmountable gap between them. This result has a huge positive impact on the theoretical updates and applications of quantum mechanics.