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Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences

Eavesdropping on the orderly-encrypting multiparty quantum secret sharing protocols

Qin Su-Juan, Wen Qiao-yan, Zhu Fuchen

Published Nov 1, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We discuss the security of the kind of multiparty quantum secret sharing protocols encrypting in series. It is secure against the eavesdroppers outside. However it is weak to withstand the attack of insider with a fake signal and cheating. An idiographic attack strategy is given based on the protocol. Furthermore, we conclude the key leak of the protocols and present a possible way to prevent the dishonest agents from stealing the secret.

DOI
10.1007/bf02831828

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We discuss the security of the kind of multiparty quantum secret sharing protocols encrypting in series. It is secure against the eavesdroppers outside. However it is weak to withstand the attack of insider with a fake signal and cheating. An idiographic attack strategy is given based on the protocol. Furthermore, we conclude the key leak of the protocols and present a possible way to prevent the dishonest agents from stealing the secret.
We present a fake-signal-and-cheating attack strategy for the dishonest agent in quantum secret sharing (QSS) to steal the information of the other agents' fully and freely. It is found that almost all the QSS protocols existing, such as the two famous QSS protocols, the Hillery-Buzˇ\check{z}zˇek-Berthiaume [Phys. Rev. A \textbf{59}, 1829 (1999)] and the Karlsson-Koashi-Imoto [Phys. Rev. A \textbf{59}, 162 (1999)], can be eavesdropped freely if the process for the eavesdropping check is accomplished with the cooperation of the dishonest agent. He can sends a fake signal to the other agents after intercepting the original photons and storing them. His action can be hidden with entanglement swapping and cheating when the photons are chosen as the samples for checking eavesdropping. Finally, we present a possible improvement of these QSS protocols' security with decoy photons.
Utilizing the advantage of Bell state,a multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol with authentication is put forward.In the protocol,the deal encodes two classical bits of secret message on the quantum carrier though performing local unitary operation.He splits the secret message into n shares and then distributes them to n agents via entanglement swapping.Each agent makes a Bell state measurement on the particles in his hand,and obtains his piece of secret according to the measurement result.In the process of reconstruction,these n agents declare respectively their pieces of secret,and recover the secret message if and only if they collaborate.At the same time,combining the technology of Hash function,the identities of the deal and the agents are authenticated.Hence,one main goal of designing the presented protocol,two-way authentication,is achieved.Moreover,we analyze the security and authentication of the presented protocol in detail.It is shown that this protocol can stand against the attacks of outside eavesdropper and inside participant,which means that it is secure in theory.In addition,since the Bell state was used at most,as compared with other quantum secret sharing protocols,the implementation of the presented protocol is more feasible in the current technical conditions.
The security of the multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol proposed by Gao [G. Gao, Common. Theor. Phys. 52 (2009) 421] is analyzed. It is shown that this protocol is vulnerable since the agents' imperfect encryption scheme can be attacked by a powerful participant. We introduce a attack strategy called participant forcible manipulation and analyze the information leakage in this protocol under this attack. At last, we give an improved version of the original protocol. The improved protocol is robust and has the same efficiency as the original one.
Security of the three-party quantum secret sharing (QSS) schemes based on entanglement and a collective eavesdropping check is analyzed in the case of considerable quantum channel losses. An opaque attack scheme is presented for the dishonest agent to eavesdrop the message obtained by the other agent freely, which reveals that these QSS schemes are insecure for transmission efficiencies lower than 50%, especially when they are used to share an unknown quantum state. Finally, we present a general way to improve the security of QSS schemes for sharing not only a private key but also an unknown quantum state.
Recently, Liu et al (2011 Phys. Scr. 84 045015) pointed out that the multiparty quantum secret sharing (MQSS) protocol based on the GHZ state (Hwang et al 2011 Phys. Scr. 83 045004) is insecure. They found that an inside participant can deduce half of the sender's secret information directly just by his piece of the secret. In order to resist this attack, an improvement was put forward. However, in this paper, we find that Liu et al 's improved protocol is still insecure. We give details of three attack strategies to steal the secret information. It is shown that the eavesdropper can steal half or all of the secret information. Furthermore, a simple and ingenious MQSS protocol is proposed. We perform explicit cryptanalysis to prove that our improved protocol can resist the attacks from both the outside attackers and the inside participants, even the collusion attack.