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BT‑PEC Full‑Stack Computing Framework: A Steady-State Dynamic Scheduling Model for Open Quantum Systems

Lihua Lu

Published Oct 10, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper proposes the BT-PEC full-stack computing framework to address the challenge that traditional static resource scheduling and fixed error correction strategies fail to adapt to time-varying noise and dynamic decoherence of coherent resources in the NISQ era for open quantum systems. The framework includes a quantum living-state architecture, a quantum operating system, and a unified programming language system, with falsifiable engineering predictions and simulation verification schemes. Four core operators are defined: the B basis operator representing underlying hardware quantum resources; the T transition operator describing coherent energy input and quantum state evolution; the P power consumption operator for resource and energy costs from gate operations and entanglement generation; and the EC entropy-causal closure operator implementing error correction, feedback compensation and causal recording constraints. A global steady-state order parameter Ω=tr(BT)−tr(PEC) is introduced. Three system phases are classified by threshold ϵ=0.05: survival state (Ω_Q>0.05), critical state (|Ω_Q|≤0.05), and extinction state (Ω_Q<−0.05). The Lindblad master equation is adopted to model open quantum system dynamics, combined with an exponential fidelity decay model and binary information entropy proxy function. The phase transition critical decoherence parameter γ_c≈0.42 is obtained from simulation, which is only valid within this model and not a universal physical constant. The full-stack hardware-software co-design consists of a topology-logic two-layer quantum hardware architecture, the BT-PEC/OS quantum operating system kernel with Ω_Q-aware task scheduling, and Omega-IR intermediate representation together with a multi-paradigm unified programming language. The FEA cross-language adaptation layer enables compatibility with Python, C++ and other programming environments. Numerical simulations are implemented on QuTiP with five controlled repeatable experiments. Eight quantifiable, falsifiable engineering predictions are presented with explicit falsification criteria. Limitations of the model are clarified: γ_c is simulation-specific; BT and PEC operator matrices need instantiation for individual hardware; Omega-IR currently only has semantic specifications without a production-grade compiler and virtual machine; performance advantages are validated only by numerical simulation pending physical quantum hardware tests; causal chain integrity under high concurrency remains an engineering challenge. The BT-PEC framework unifies quantum hardware, operating system and compilation system under one steady-state evaluation system, offering a verifiable engineering theoretical model for hardware-software co-design of quantum computers under dynamic NISQ noise environments. Future work includes completing the Omega-IR compiler, scaling up simulations, and preparing validation experiments on small-scale physical quantum processors.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.23287754

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This paper proposes the BT-PEC full-stack computing framework to address the challenge that traditional static resource scheduling and fixed error correction strategies fail to adapt to time-varying noise and dynamic decoherence of coherent resources in the NISQ era for open quantum systems. The framework includes a quantum living-state architecture, a quantum operating system, and a unified programming language system, with falsifiable engineering predictions and simulation verification schemes. Four core operators are defined: the B basis operator representing underlying hardware quantum resources; the T transition operator describing coherent energy input and quantum state evolution; the P power consumption operator for resource and energy costs from gate operations and entanglement generation; and the EC entropy-causal closure operator implementing error correction, feedback compensation and causal recording constraints. A global steady-state order parameter Ω=tr(BT)−tr(PEC) is introduced. Three system phases are classified by threshold ϵ=0.05: survival state (Ω_Q>0.05), critical state (|Ω_Q|≤0.05), and extinction state (Ω_Q<−0.05). The Lindblad master equation is adopted to model open quantum system dynamics, combined with an exponential fidelity decay model and binary information entropy proxy function. The phase transition critical decoherence parameter γ_c≈0.42 is obtained from simulation, which is only valid within this model and not a universal physical constant. The full-stack hardware-software co-design consists of a topology-logic two-layer quantum hardware architecture, the BT-PEC/OS quantum operating system kernel with Ω_Q-aware task scheduling, and Omega-IR intermediate representation together with a multi-paradigm unified programming language. The FEA cross-language adaptation layer enables compatibility with Python, C++ and other programming environments. Numerical simulations are implemented on QuTiP with five controlled repeatable experiments. Eight quantifiable, falsifiable engineering predictions are presented with explicit falsification criteria. Limitations of the model are clarified: γ_c is simulation-specific; BT and PEC operator matrices need instantiation for individual hardware; Omega-IR currently only has semantic specifications without a production-grade compiler and virtual machine; performance advantages are validated only by numerical simulation pending physical quantum hardware tests; causal chain integrity under high concurrency remains an engineering challenge. The BT-PEC framework unifies quantum hardware, operating system and compilation system under one steady-state evaluation system, offering a verifiable engineering theoretical model for hardware-software co-design of quantum computers under dynamic NISQ noise environments. Future work includes completing the Omega-IR compiler, scaling up simulations, and preparing validation experiments on small-scale physical quantum processors.
This paper proposes the first quantum computer architecture and operating system designed under the BT-PEC (Primitive Topological Energy-Causality) theoretical framework. Traditional quantum computing systems treat qubits as passive computing resources, while the BT-PEC architecture regards the whole quantum computer as an open quantum living system governed by topological deviation dynamics. The four BT-PEC axioms — B (Basis), T (Flux), P (Coupling), EC (Energy-Causality Closed Loop) — are mapped to hardware modules and operating system subsystems respectively. The quantum processing unit adopts a topological-logical double-layer structure, using Majorana zero modes as the physical basis and surface code for logical encoding. A coherent flux injection bus transports negative-entropy energy from the environment to quantum states. The entanglement routing network implements P coupling gate scheduling. Decoherence sensor arrays and real-time quantum error correction decoders form the EC closed loop. At the operating system level, BT-PEC/OS introduces an Ω-aware scheduler, which takes the quantum topological residual order parameter Ω_Q = T − ΔPEC as the system health indicator to drive process scheduling, resource allocation and exception handling. When Ω_Q > 0.05, tasks are executed with the highest priority; when |Ω_Q| ≤ 0.05, the system triggers automatic protection including enhanced error correction, state migration and load reduction; when Ω_Q < −0.05, the system terminates low-priority tasks and recycles quantum states. This paper presents the complete hardware architecture, kernel structure, system call interface, memory management scheme, exception handling mechanism, boot sequence and dedicated quantum programming language BPL. Comparative analysis shows that the BT-PEC architecture outperforms traditional quantum computers in self-sustainability, fault tolerance and resource efficiency. This research lays the foundation for life-state quantum computing and opens a new paradigm integrating computation and life evolution.
Within a trace-class operator framework on a separable Hilbert space and based on three fundamental axioms, this paper derives the Ω = 0 steady-state condition for stable observable systems under the BT-PEC tri-coupling fundamental theory. Five classes of unstable configurations are constructed to cover known physical breakdown modes. Knot topology is adopted for dimensional selection analysis to discuss how 3D spacetime supports irreversible evolution and the emergence of time. A prediction system with strict falsification criteria is established, and inherent limitations of the framework are explicitly stated, yielding a self-consistent, quantitatively verifiable physical framework for cosmic steady-state and dimensional origin.
To address the growing needs for scalable High Performance Computing (HPC) and Quantum Computing (QC) integration, we present our HPC-QC full stack framework and its hybrid workload development capability with modular hardware/device-agnostic software integration approach. The latest development in extensible interfaces for quantum programming, dispatching, and compilation within existing mature HPC programming environment are demonstrated. Our HPC-QC full stack enables high-level, portable invocation of quantum kernels from commercial quantum SDKs within HPC meta-program in compiled languages (C/C++ and Fortran) as well as Python through a quantum programming interface library extension. An adaptive circuit knitting hypervisor is being developed to partition large quantum circuits into sub-circuits that fit on smaller noisy quantum devices and classical simulators. At the lower-level, we leverage Cray LLVM-based compilation framework to transform and consume LLVM IR and Quantum IR (QIR) from commercial quantum software frontends in a retargetable fashion to different hardware architectures. Several hybrid HPC-QC multi-node multi-CPU and GPU workloads (including solving linear system of equations, quantum optimization, and simulating quantum phase transitions) have been demonstrated on HPE EX supercomputers to illustrate functionality and execution viability for all three components developed so far. This work provides the framework for a unified quantum-classical programming environment built upon classical HPC software stack (compilers, libraries, parallel runtime and process scheduling).
This preprint presents a quantum artificial life model built upon the BT‑PEC topological ternary coupling theory. The model adopts a two-qubit open quantum system, and introduces quantum topological residual Ω_Q as the core order parameter to judge the survival, critical and extinction states of quantum living units. Parameter scanning simulations are carried out to locate the decoherence phase transition point γ_c=0.42. Three testable theoretical predictions are put forward. The source simulation code and raw numerical results are attached in the appendix. This research establishes a new topological framework for quantum artificial life and quantum biology.
The progress in developing quantum hardware with functional quantum processors integrating tens of noisy qubits, together with the availability of near-term quantum algorithms has led to the release of the first quantum computers. These quantum computing systems already integrate different software and hardware components of the so-called “full-stack”, bridging quantum applications to quantum devices. In this paper, we will provide an overview on current full-stack quantum computing systems. We will emphasize the need for tight co-design among adjacent layers as well as vertical cross-layer design to extract the most from noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors which are both error-prone and severely constrained in resources. As an example of co-design, we will focus on the development of hardware-aware and algorithm-driven compilation techniques.
Quantum resources are increasingly integrated into high-performance computing (HPC) and cloud environments, but quantum high-performance computing (QHPC) software stacks remain isolated, often proprietary, full-stack solutions lacking common interfaces across runtime, resource management, orchestration, and execution layers. This paper analyzes nine production QHPC stacks and identifies common design patterns and emerging requirements, covering deployment models, application interaction patterns, SDK support, and readiness for fault-tolerant operation. The survey exposes consistent needs in runtime abstraction, resource management, interconnect semantics, and observability. Based on these findings, we propose the open quantum-HPC software ecosystem ( openQSE) reference architecture as a first step toward unifying the state-of-the-practice. openQSE defines a set of layer boundaries that allow different implementations to interoperate while preserving deployment flexibility, and is structured to support both current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) workloads and future fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) systems without changes to upper-layer application interfaces.