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Entanglement Distribution over an Actively Polarization-Stabilized Commercial Fiber Link

Akriti Raj, Tobias Bauer, Christian Haen, David Lindler, Quankui Yang, T. Passow, Marko Härtelt, JuÃrgen H. Eschner, C. Becher

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We present a polarization-entangled photon pair source at telecom wavelength from an AlGaAs Bragg reflection waveguide. We demonstrate preservation of entanglement after distribution over an actively stabilized 28 km metropolitan dark fiber link.

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Studies on telecom-band entangled photon-pair sources for entanglement distribution have so far focused on their narrowband operations. Fiber-based sources are seriously limited by spontaneous Raman scattering while sources based on quasi-phase-matched crystals or waveguides are usually narrowband because of long device lengths and/or operations far from degeneracy. An entanglement distributor would have to multiplex many such narrowband sources before entanglement distribution to fully utilize the available fiber transmission bandwidth. In this work, we demonstrate a broadband source of polarization-entangled photon-pairs suitable for wavelength-multiplexed entanglement distribution over optical fiber. We show that our source is potentially capable of simultaneously supporting up to forty-four independent wavelength channels.
we experimentally demonstrate the distribution of polarization-entangled photons over a 62-km, partially-aerial fiber between the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland. With active polarization compensation applied to the fiber link, we observed a channel fidelity above 98%. Over the stabilized fiber link, we distributed approximately 1200 pairs of polarization-entangled photons per second over a course of 24 hours, with an average CHSH S-parameter value of 2.39 and a link up-time of 92.8% for entanglement distribution.
Distributing entanglement through standard telecommunication fiber is particularly important for quantum key distribution protocols with low vulnerability over metropolitan distances. However, entanglement distribution over long distance through optical fiber so far could only be accomplished with moderate photon pair rates. In this work, we present entanglement distribution over 50 km of standard telecommunication fiber with a pair rate of more than 10 000 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ using a bright nondegenerate photon pair source. Signal and idler wavelengths of this source are optimized for low dispersion in optical fiber and high efficiency for single-photon avalanche diode detectors, respectively. The resulting modest hardware requirement and high rate of detected entangled photon pairs could significantly enhance practical entanglement-based quantum key distribution in existing metropolitan fiber networks.
Distributing quantum entanglement over telecommunication fiber is a fundamental task in metropolitan-scale quantum networks, enabling advanced applications such as quantum-secured communication, quantum sensing, and distributed quantum computing. Although polarization entanglement is relatively easy to generate and manipulate, its distribution across deployed fibers is challenging because of the time-varying polarization transformations imposed by the fiber, which must be actively stabilized. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate the distribution of polarization-entangled photons over a 62 km, partially aerial fiber between the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland. With polarization stabilization applied to the fiber, we achieved a photon pair rate of approximately 1500s −1 and observed a time-averaged CHSH inequality parameter of S =2.34±0.37. During a continuous 24 h experiment, time-multiplexed polarization compensation sessions only cost 7.2% of the total link operation time, leaving an entanglement distribution uptime of 92.8%. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of distributing polarization-entangled photons over challenging fiber conditions, which is an important step toward the practical deployment of quantum networks.