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IEEE Internet of Things Journal

A Linear-Complexity RLWE- and PUF-Based Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Distributed Drone Networks

Tao Xia, Jun He, Jin Ping Cao, Zhitao Long, Hai Guo

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/jiot.2026.3739220

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The existing authentication and key agreement (AKA) schemes for the internet of drones (IoD) still suffer from various security attacks and fail to ensure required security properties. Moreover, drones generally have limited memory and computation capability. Motivated by these issues, a secure and lightweight AKA protocol for IoD (SLAKA-IoD) is proposed based on physical unclonable function (PUF), “exclusive or” (XOR) operation and hash function, which are simple cryptographic operations and functions that can provide better performance. In the SLAKA-IoD protocol, a drone and the ground station (GS) perform mutual authentication and establish a secure session key between them, and any two drones can also perform mutual authentication and establish a secure session key between them. Via informal security analysis, formal security analysis using the strand space model, and security verification based on the Scyther tool, the SLAKA-IoD protocol is proven to resist various security attacks and ensure required security properties. Further comparative analysis shows that the SLAKA-IoD protocol can provide more security features, and is generally lightweight as compared with these related AKA protocols for IoD, so it is suitable for IoD.
This paper introduces a novel post-quantum mutual authentication scheme for drones, leveraging Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and cryptographic accumulators. By integrating PUFs, the scheme effectively mitigates drone cloning risks, while lattice-based cryptography ensures resilience against quantum computing attacks. The proposed approach enables secure, direct mutual authentication between drones without intermediaries. Cryptographic accumulators compress the entire drone identity database into a single element, significantly reducing storage demands on individual drones. The proposed scheme achieves superior communication efficiency compared to existing PUF-based post-quantum protocols for drones. Formal security verification using ProVerif confirms the robustness of the proposed scheme.