This preprint proposes the BT-PEC Triadic Coupling Universal Origin Theory, which gives a novel ontological interpretation for wave-particle duality. The theory constructs a closed-loop constraint equation Ω(B,T,PEC)=0, where B denotes Base ontological substrate, T represents Transform topological operator, and PEC stands for P-Emergent Code high-order emergent information entity. Three foundational axioms are established: the Single Anchor Point Axiom, the Dual Vision Axiom, and the Gradual Change Without Breakpoint Axiom. We argue that particle and wave features are merely two homologous projective manifestations from the same triadic-coupled quantum system under different observational dimensions, rather than mutually exclusive intrinsic ontology of microscopic particles. This framework resolves the century-old logical paradox of wave-particle duality at the ontological level, and provides a unified paradigm for fundamental quantum phenomenology.
This preprint proposes the BT-PEC Triadic Coupling Universal Origin Theory, which gives a novel ontological interpretation for wave-particle duality. The theory constructs a closed-loop constraint equation Ω(B,T,PEC)=0, where B denotes Base ontological substrate, T represents Transform topological operator, and PEC stands for P-Emergent Code high-order emergent information entity. Three foundational axioms are established: the Single Anchor Point Axiom, the Dual Vision Axiom, and the Gradual Change Without Breakpoint Axiom. We argue that particle and wave features are merely two homologous projective manifestations from the same triadic-coupled quantum system under different observational dimensions, rather than mutually exclusive intrinsic ontology of microscopic particles. This framework resolves the century-old logical paradox of wave-particle duality at the ontological level, and provides a unified paradigm for fundamental quantum phenomenology.
We propose a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics based on the hypothesis that quantum entities possess two ontologically distinct components—particle and wave—that couple to spacetime through fundamentally different mechanisms. The particle component interacts with spacetime through conventional local, causal coupling, while the wave component exists on a topological plane structurally linked to spacetime's global geometric properties. This dual-mode coupling framework offers intuitive explanations for wave-particle duality, measurement-induced decoherence, quantum interference, and non-local correlations without invoking wavefunction collapse or observer-dependent reality. We outline the conceptual foundations, discuss how this framework resolves longstanding quantum paradoxes, and propose potential experimental tests.
Why does matter possess wave-like properties? Is wave-particle duality an inherent dual nature of matter, or merely a projection of a deeper underlying physical structure under two distinct observational perspectives? This paper presents a rigorous first-principles derivation of matter wave dynamics within the axiomatic framework of Time Field Theory (TFT). The entire derivation relies solely on two core axioms: local intrinsic total velocity conservation and metric self-consistency (flux conservation), without introducing any extra postulates. Following the logical sequence of ontological foundation, phase derivation, wave generation, hierarchical classification, physical correspondence, extreme-case verification, and unified spectrum construction, this paper first establishes the core ontological premise that matter corresponds to localized condensed states of the time field. It then derives the geometric structure of the existence phase angle on the unit circle of the complex plane from the velocity conservation axiom, revealing the fundamental origin of intrinsic material phases. On this basis, the de Broglie relations are strictly derived, eliminating the dualistic contradiction between particle and wave characteristics. This work further distinguishes two distinct wave regimes: intrinsic waves originating from phase evolution within condensed states, and apparent waves arising from the global spatial translation of field distributions, which are respectively mapped onto electromagnetic waves and gravitational waves as two classes of physical reality. Using black hole horizons as an extreme physical testbed, we demonstrate that intrinsic wave phenomena vanish completely at time-freezing surfaces while apparent wave behaviors remain intact, providing a unified explanation for the observational fact that black holes emit no light yet produce gravitational waves. We also clarify the ontological origin of black hole darkness: light is not trapped by gravity, but the physical conditions required for photon generation cease to hold at time-freezing surfaces. Finally, we construct a continuous spectrum of wave behaviors ranging from the vacuum ground state to black hole horizons. This paper proves that wave-like behavior is not a binary ”present/absent” attribute of matter, but a continuous function of the condensation strength of the time field. Quantum mechanics and classical mechanics do not describe two separate physical worlds; instead, they represent two limiting regimes of a single universal time field under different condensation levels.
Abstract This paper proposes a foundational physical paradigm framework with energy as the sole physical ontology. Different from the field ontology of quantum field theory and the particle-pilot wave dual ontology of Bohmian mechanics, it establishes a strictly divided four-layer cognitive system of “energy ontology–wave motion–node appearance–mathematical tool”. Energy is defined as the irreducible sole physical ontology (ontological preset); waves are not independent physical entities, but the inherent propagation mode of energy in spacetime following the principle of least action; microscopic particles are not basic material objects, but local dynamic nodes formed by coherent superposition and nonlinear self-focusing of multiple energy waves; fields and wave functions are pure mathematical tools for describing the spacetime distribution of energy without independent entity attributes. Based on the Fourier superposition principle, standing wave formation mechanism and the principle of least action, this paper fundamentally resolves the paradox of wave-particle duality and clarifies the inevitability of energy fluctuation. Two basic forms of energy waves are defined: traveling waves without rest mass for global energy transport and localized standing waves for bound energy localization, with clear transformation mechanisms and physical division of labor. Based on three self-consistent underlying axioms, two types of nodes (linear superposition/photon-type and nonlinear self-focusing/matter-type) are distinguished, the coupling rules of transverse and longitudinal waves are reconstructed, and the microscopic origins of gravity and strong force are unified. To resolve core theoretical disputes, this paper supplements a dynamic equilibrium radiation mechanism to eliminate the energy dissipation paradox of stable particles, revises wave coupling rules to be compatible with QED photon-photon scattering experimental facts, and completes the physical dimension and quantitative paving of node formation thresholds to upgrade theoretical self-consistency. Meanwhile, phase chirality is introduced as the unified origin of charge, spin and matter-antimatter asymmetry, and four experimentally verifiable physical predictions and falsifiable inferences are proposed. This framework only updates the underlying ontology of modern physics, fully compatible with existing mature quantitative calculation systems, without subverting the experimental conclusions of the Standard Model and general relativity, providing a new path for the paradigm innovation of fundamental physics unification.
This work proposes a minimal ontological framework aimed at systematically resolving key conceptual paradoxes of contemporary physics. The central claim is that many foundational difficulties of twentieth- and twenty-first-century physics arise not from empirical anomalies or mathematical inconsistencies, but from a conflation of mathematical formalism with ontological interpretation. On the basis of a small set of minimal ontological axioms, the work addresses and resolves ten fundamental paradoxes, including wave–particle duality, the measurement problem and collapse, the arrow of time, irreversibility, quantization, the nature of gravity, cosmological origin, the finiteness of the Universe, the status of singularities, and the information paradox. The proposed framework introduces no new physical entities and does not modify existing physical equations. Instead, it imposes strict ontological constraints from which these phenomena follow as necessary consequences. The work does not present an alternative physical theory, but rather an ontological foundation explaining why modern physical theories are successful and why they encounter inherent explanatory limits.
This preprint presents a field-first interpretation of wave-particle duality grounded in the ontology of Quantum Field Theory (QFT). The framework treats quantum fields as the fundamental ontology of physical reality, while particles are understood as excitation states of their respective fields. Wave-like phenomena, including interference, diffraction, tunneling, and coherence effects, are interpreted as arising from the propagation and interaction dynamics of these excitations rather than from an independent wave ontology. The central thesis is that wave-particle duality does not represent two distinct physical realities, but rather different observational regimes of a single field-based process. Localized interactions appear particle-like, while propagation and interference phenomena appear wave-like. This interpretation is fully consistent with the existing mathematical formalism of Quantum Field Theory and does not introduce new physical laws or modifications to established quantum mechanics. The purpose of this work is interpretive and conceptual. It aims to provide a clearer ontological framework for understanding the relationship between quantum fields, particles, and wave-like behavior while reducing the conceptual ambiguity traditionally associated with wave-particle duality. This document represents the initial preprint release of the field-first interpretation framework.
This paper proposes a geometric ontology for quantum mechanics based on a fourth spatial dimension. Quantum entities are modeled as four-dimensional geometric objects (S), and the observed three-dimensional world is a fixed slice (Σ₃) through this four-dimensional space. The framework interprets wave-particle duality, measurement collapse, EPR entanglement, quantum tunneling, the quantum Zeno effect, and quantum erasure as different manifestations of the same geometric mechanism: the intersection or non-intersection of S with Σ₃. The proposal does not modify the mathematical structures of quantum field theory; it provides a unified geometric picture for phenomena that standard quantum mechanics treats as independent axioms. Open problems and falsification pathways are honestly documented.