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International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Sciences and Engineering

A Survey on Quantization Schemes for Secure Key Generation

U.R. Bhatt, R. Sharma, A. Soni, R. Upadhyay

Published Jun 30, 2017• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Secure key generation is one of the promising approach to establish secured link between two legitimate nodes for wireless communication. We established a system, which generate the secret key at the both end of the legitimate node. Secure key generation system contain four major block namely channel estimation, quantization, information reconciliation and privacy amplification, in which quantization is one of the important module. In secured key generation, output of the quantizer will affects the bit mismatch rate significantly. The present paper analyses different quantization schemes to make synchronization between two nodes. By applying key generation technique, we analyze effect of quantization bit on the key disagreement rate.

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Secure key generation is one of the promising approach to establish secured link between two legitimate nodes for wireless communication. We established a system, which generate the secret key at the both end of the legitimate node. Secure key generation system contain four major block namely channel estimation, quantization, information reconciliation and privacy amplification, in which quantization is one of the important module. In secured key generation, output of the quantizer will affects the bit mismatch rate significantly. The present paper analyses different quantization schemes to make synchronization between two nodes. By applying key generation technique, we analyze effect of quantization bit on the key disagreement rate.
Wireless networks get subjected to the different attacks because of it's open nature. Eavesdropping attack, which occurs at the Physical layer of the OSI model, has a great impact on wireless network security. Conventional security in wireless networks depends on the cryptographic techniques. But in wireless sensor networks where a key management infrastructure may not be present and the power resources are also limited, generating a cryptographic key between two mobile entities becomes difficult. Hence Physical layer Security (PLS) has become a novel research solution. In PLS based key generation, a symmetric secret key is obtained at both the ends of the legitimate users using the properties of wireless channel. The key generation process includes four major blocks namely channel measurement, quantization of input samples, error detection and correction and privacy amplification. The output of quantizer has a great effect on the bit mismatch rate (BMR) between the two legitimate users. It also has an impact on key generation rate (KGR). Hence selecting a proper quantizer becomes very essential. In this paper different Quantization schemes are analyzed to achieve effective PLS between the two legitimate users.
Wireless communication systems are becoming increasingly important in our daily lives, especially with the rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT). Secure and reliable communication is essential for the correct functioning of critical applications and use cases such as healthcare, finance, transportation, and industrial automation. However, the growing number of connected devices introduces significant challenges to data security and privacy due to the open nature of wireless networks. While traditional encryption methods are effective, they can be resource-intensive and impractical for resource-constrained IoT environments. Physical layer security (PLS) provides a lightweight alternative by leveraging the inherent characteristics of wireless channels to generate symmetric secret keys without requiring third-party infrastructure. The PLS key generation process involves four main stages: channel sampling, quantization, reconciliation, and privacy amplification. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of existing quantization schemes, as this step plays a crucial role in determining the key generation rate (KGR) and key disagreement rate (KDR). Additionally, the paper classifies quantization methods as either lossless or lossy, providing insights into the trade-offs between security and efficiency.
In order to make the communication more secure in the dynamic environment, the signal strength is used through which high entropy bit can be achieved.The received signal strength is used to find the nearest node in order to forward the data towards the destination node.In the existing system the secret key is generated only by the source and the destination nodes.In our proposed system, the secret key is generated by each and every hop. The generated key is quantized by the technique called quantization and the bit mismatch is reduced by information reconciliation technique. The bits that are lost during information reconciliation is avoided by distillation. In order to reduce the resultant output bit stream, hash key of the secret key is generated by using Privacy amplification technique. The low output bit stream result in high entropy.Here the predictable key generation is highly reduced.In this we are generating the random number to ensure data integrity and authentication.For this MNF hash function is used which is of 256 bits Privacy amplification is used to ensure that the resultant bit pattern is random.The mismatched bits can also be identified easily.Multiple sensors are involved in increasing the rate of the secret key generation.Generated bit streams are verified by randomness test.Our experiment has been implemented in 802.11A laptops.
Physical layer approaches for generating secret encryption keys for wireless systems using channel information has attracted increased interest from researchers in recent years. This paper presents a new approach for secret key generation that is based on one-bit quantization of channel measurements along with log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) that are calculated based on the difference between channel estimates at legitimate reciprocal nodes. The proposed approach, which implements advantage distillation along with information reconciliation using Slepian-Wolf low-density parity check (LDPC) codes, is discussed and illustrated with numerical results obtained from simulations. These show the probability of bit disagreement for keys generated through the proposed approach and compare it with that of alternative methods for key generation based on channel state information.
As an alternative and appealing approach to providing information security in wireless communication systems, secret key generation at physical layer has demonstrated its potential in terms of efficiency and reliability over traditional cryptographic methods. Without the necessity of a management centre for key distribution or reliance on computational complexity, physical layer key generation protocols enable two wireless entities to extract identical and dynamic keys from the randomness of the wireless channels associated with them.\nIn this thesis, the reliability of secret key generation at the physical layer is examined in practical wireless channels with imperfect channel state information (CSI). Theoretical analyses are provided to relate key match rate with channel's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), degrees of channel reciprocity, and iterations of information reconciliation.\nIn order to increase key match rate of physical layer secret key generation, improved schemes in the steps of channel estimation and sample quantization are proposed respectively. In the channel estimation step, multiple observations of the wireless channels are integrated with a linear processor to provide a synthesized and more accurate estimation of the wireless channel. In the sample quantization step, a magnitude based quantization method with two thresholds is proposed to quantize partial samples, where specific quantization areas are selected to reduce cross-over errors. Significant improvements in key match rate are proven for both schemes in theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Key match rate can even achieve 100% in both schemes with the assistance of information reconciliation process.\nIn the end, a practical application of physical layer secret key generation is presented, where dynamic keys extracted from the wireless channels are utilized for securing secret data transmission and providing efficient access control.
Physical layer security (PLS) has evolved to be a pivotal technique in ensuring secure wireless communication. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the recent developments in physical layer secret key generation (PLSKG). The principle, procedure, techniques and performance metricesare investigated for PLSKG between a pair of users (PSKG) and for a group of users (GSKG). In this paper, a detailed comparison of the various parameters and techniques employed in different stages of key generation such as, channel probing, quantisation, encoding, information reconciliation (IR) and privacy amplification (PA) are provided. Apart from this, a comparison of bit disagreement rate, bit generation rate and approximate entropy is also presented. The work identifies PSKG and GSKG schemes which are practically realizable and also provides a discussion on the test bed employed for realising various PLSKG schemes. Moreover, a discussion on the research challenges in the area of PLSKG is also provided for future research.