This article aims to perform implementation tests of the E91 Protocol, a type of QKD (Quantum Key Distribution) protocol responsible for generating secret keys. These keys can be applied to cryptographic algorithms to guarantee information security in both quantum and classical environments. The quantum tests were conducted on the IBM-Q platform, and the classical tests were performed using Visual Studio Code. The primary objective of implementing this protocol in two different environments is to draw comparisons, highlighting the similarities between simulation and actual implementation. In real quantum environments, data transmission is susceptible to quantum phenomena and may contain noise, which compromises its execution. The simulation of the E91 quantum protocol and its implementation on the IBM-Q quantum platform demonstrated the protocol's functionality, including measurements, basis sharing, coincidence verification, calculation of the CHSH inequality, and key generation.
This article aims to perform implementation tests of the E91 Protocol, a type of QKD (Quantum Key Distribution) protocol responsible for generating secret keys. These keys can be applied to cryptographic algorithms to guarantee information security in both quantum and classical environments. The quantum tests were conducted on the IBM-Q platform, and the classical tests were performed using Visual Studio Code. The primary objective of implementing this protocol in two different environments is to draw comparisons, highlighting the similarities between simulation and actual implementation. In real quantum environments, data transmission is susceptible to quantum phenomena and may contain noise, which compromises its execution. The simulation of the E91 quantum protocol and its implementation on the IBM-Q quantum platform demonstrated the protocol's functionality, including measurements, basis sharing, coincidence verification, calculation of the CHSH inequality, and key generation.
We use the Qiskit quantum computing framework to simulate the E91 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol. By measuring entangled photon pairs, the E91 protocol uses quantum entanglement to safely transfer cryptographic keys between Alice and Bob. In order to investigate the key generation rates, Bell’s inequality violation, and the protocol’s resilience to eavesdropping, we simulate the protocol in this work using IBM’s quantum simulator. The findings demonstrate that the E91 protocol may effectively create a secure key by taking advantage of quantum entanglement and identifying any eavesdropping attempts by breaking Bell’s inequality, with a calculated Bell’s parameter of S = 2.47, exceeding the classical limit which is 2. Additionally, key extraction is shown to be possible by the analysis of measurement results, where the key creation rate improves with the number of entangled particles, achieving a key generation rate of 1.59 bps for 25 singlet states, 5.37 bps for 100 singlet states, 10.52 bps for 250 singlet states, and 12.24 bps for 500 singlet states, with corresponding key lengths of 7, 25, 57, and 106 bits, respectively.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic systems that form the backbone of modern digital security.Algorithms such as RSA and ECC, which rely on the computational difficulty of integer factorization and discrete logarithm problems, become vulnerable to quantum attacks, particularly Shor's algorithm.This project presents a comprehensive Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Simulator that implements the BB84 and E91 protocols using IBM's Qiskit quantum computing framework, providing an interactive platform for understanding, simulating, and analyzing quantum-safe key exchange mechanisms.The simulator features a full-stack architecture with a FastAPI backend powered by Python and Qiskit for quantum circuit execution, and a React 19 frontend with TypeScript for interactive visualization.The BB84 protocol implementation supports configurable qubit counts, multiple measurement bases (Z, X, and Diagonal), Eve's intercept-resend attack simulation with adjustable interception rates, and Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) calculation with a security threshold of 8.5%.The E91 protocol implementation uses entangled Bell state pairs with configurable measurement angles, CHSH inequality violation testing for quantum security verification, and reverse gate anti-eavesdropping mechanisms.Additionally, the system includes an AES encryption module that uses quantum-generated keys from BB84 and E91 simulations to perform AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256 encryption, with privacy amplification for keys shorter than the required length.A simulation history system with SQLite and PostgreSQL support enables experiment tracking, comparison, and analysis.The project demonstrates the practical application of quantum mechanics principles to cryptographic security and serves as an educational tool for understanding the transition from classical to quantum-safe cryptography.
In recent years, quantum computing technologies have steadily matured and have begun to find practical applications across various domains. One important area is network communication security, where Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables communicating parties to establish a shared secret that can then be used to generate symmetric keys for subsequent encryption and decryption. This study focuses on implementing and comparing two well-known QKD protocols, namely BB84 and E91, within an actual quantum computing environment. It also proposes the use of SX gate operations to generate uniform quantum superposition states. By leveraging the properties of quantum superposition and quantum entanglement, the study illustrates how communicating parties can securely obtain a shared secret while preventing adversaries from intercepting it. The experiments are conducted using the IBM Quantum Platform to demonstrate the feasibility of the BB84 and E91 protocols on actual quantum hardware. The evaluation considers several metrics, including entropy, Independent and Identically Distributed (IID), and error-rate verifications.
Secure Information exchange in the present times is a very crucial process. Introduction to a secure quantum paradigm by utilizing the principle of quantum physics and quantum mechanics achieves this secrecy. To ensure secure cryptography, E91 is used for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) along with the integration of Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) for unpredictable assignment of basis. The E91 protocol leverages the Bell’s inequality along with the quantum entanglement for secure exchange of secret keys between the two parties also utilising correlation checks to identify eavesdroppers. Integrating a QRNG with the E91 QKD protocol framework provides secure, unpredictable keys by leveraging genuine random numbers derived from the inherent randomness of quantum superposition. IBM’s Qiskit simulations confirm the security of the key exchange process along with the evaluation of the Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) and S Value to evaluate overall communication reliability.
Quantum computing is advancing rapidly and thus is a major challenge to traditional schemes of cryptographies like RSA, and ECC that get their security on computational difficulty. In order to counter this challenge, a paradigm change to be proposed is quantum cryptography which is based on the application of the rules of quantum mechanics to a conditional security. In the paper, a design and implementation of an interactive simulation platform, which models two seminal quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, namely, BB84 and E91, is proposed. Formulated with a modular architecture in Streamlit, the system allows users to simulate the transmission into qubit, visualize key pre-processing, study the quantum bit error rate (QBER) and detect any eavesdropping through CHSH inequality. The platform will be used to include functionality of real-time graphical dashboards, user authentication, and a comparative analysis segment to systematically review classical and quantum-related cryptographic methods. The effects of noise levels, adversarial interference on the QBER and key generation rates are verified, and this serves to confirm the resilience of quantum systems against eavesdropping. The tool can be used as an educational and a research tool since it offers an intuitive interface to learn the quantum concepts related to superposition or entanglement and simultaneously takes the user through the protocol functionality in different security regimes. The findings attest to the increased security capabilities of quantum cryptographic systems, thus making them a valid option in the future communication network during the post-quantum era.
The fast development of quantum computing is a serious threat on the traditional cryptographic algorithms like RSA and ECC, the security of which depends on their computational hardness. In order to overcome this new weakness quantum cryptography proposes a radically new security paradigm based on the laws of quantum mechanics. The given paper provides the design and implementation of a platform of an interactive simulation modeling two basic Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols: BB84 and E91. The platform has been created as a series of modules in Streamlit to allow users to simulate the transmission of a key using qubits, visualize key-processing interactions after transmission, trace Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER), and identify possible eavesdropping by assessing CHSH inequality after transmission. The system is also enhanced with other features like real time graphics dash boards, user authentication and a comparative module to analyse the classical and quantum cryptographic methodologies. An experimental simulation of the influence of channel noise and adversarial interference on QBER and the efficiency of key generation proves the resilience of quantum protocols in the face of eavesdropping attack. The platform is an educational and research resource, allowing users to learn about the concept of quantum physics, including superposition and entanglement, as well as visualize the process of secure key exchange, because of its intuitive interface and elaborate visualizations. The findings indicate that quantum cryptography has greater security potential, which supports the applicability of quantum cryptography in the post-quantum era in ensuring the security of communication.