Secure Information exchange in the present times is a very crucial process. Introduction to a secure quantum paradigm by utilizing the principle of quantum physics and quantum mechanics achieves this secrecy. To ensure secure cryptography, E91 is used for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) along with the integration of Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) for unpredictable assignment of basis. The E91 protocol leverages the Bell’s inequality along with the quantum entanglement for secure exchange of secret keys between the two parties also utilising correlation checks to identify eavesdroppers. Integrating a QRNG with the E91 QKD protocol framework provides secure, unpredictable keys by leveraging genuine random numbers derived from the inherent randomness of quantum superposition. IBM’s Qiskit simulations confirm the security of the key exchange process along with the evaluation of the Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) and S Value to evaluate overall communication reliability.
Secure Information exchange in the present times is a very crucial process. Introduction to a secure quantum paradigm by utilizing the principle of quantum physics and quantum mechanics achieves this secrecy. To ensure secure cryptography, E91 is used for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) along with the integration of Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) for unpredictable assignment of basis. The E91 protocol leverages the Bell’s inequality along with the quantum entanglement for secure exchange of secret keys between the two parties also utilising correlation checks to identify eavesdroppers. Integrating a QRNG with the E91 QKD protocol framework provides secure, unpredictable keys by leveraging genuine random numbers derived from the inherent randomness of quantum superposition. IBM’s Qiskit simulations confirm the security of the key exchange process along with the evaluation of the Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) and S Value to evaluate overall communication reliability.
Secure communication has become essential due to the rapid increase in cyber-attacks and data security threats in modern networks. Traditional communication systems mainly rely on classical security methods, which may become vulnerable to advanced attacks. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) improves secure communication by generating cryptographic keys using quantum principles, making key interception extremely difficult. In this work, a Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) is integrated with classical communication to develop a hybrid quantum-classical communication framework. The QRNG generates highly random bits that improve authentication, randomness, and key security. The proposed system compares three QKD protocols: BB84, B92, and E91 using different bit sizes of 8000, 10000, and 13000 bits. The protocols are evaluated using important metrics such as QBER, key rate, entropy, erasure rate, throughput, and correlation. Experimental results show that all protocols achieved entropy values close to 1 and correlation values near zero, indicating strong randomness and secure key generation. Among the evaluated protocols, E91 achieved lower QBER values and higher key rates, while BB84 showed stable and reliable performance. B92 produced comparatively higher error rates under similar conditions. The throughput remained nearly 278–281 bits/sec across all experiments. A ranking-based analysis confirmed that E91 provides the best balance between security, efficiency, and communication performance, making it suitable for future quantum-secure communication systems.
We use the Qiskit quantum computing framework to simulate the E91 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol. By measuring entangled photon pairs, the E91 protocol uses quantum entanglement to safely transfer cryptographic keys between Alice and Bob. In order to investigate the key generation rates, Bell’s inequality violation, and the protocol’s resilience to eavesdropping, we simulate the protocol in this work using IBM’s quantum simulator. The findings demonstrate that the E91 protocol may effectively create a secure key by taking advantage of quantum entanglement and identifying any eavesdropping attempts by breaking Bell’s inequality, with a calculated Bell’s parameter of S = 2.47, exceeding the classical limit which is 2. Additionally, key extraction is shown to be possible by the analysis of measurement results, where the key creation rate improves with the number of entangled particles, achieving a key generation rate of 1.59 bps for 25 singlet states, 5.37 bps for 100 singlet states, 10.52 bps for 250 singlet states, and 12.24 bps for 500 singlet states, with corresponding key lengths of 7, 25, 57, and 106 bits, respectively.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic systems that form the backbone of modern digital security.Algorithms such as RSA and ECC, which rely on the computational difficulty of integer factorization and discrete logarithm problems, become vulnerable to quantum attacks, particularly Shor's algorithm.This project presents a comprehensive Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Simulator that implements the BB84 and E91 protocols using IBM's Qiskit quantum computing framework, providing an interactive platform for understanding, simulating, and analyzing quantum-safe key exchange mechanisms.The simulator features a full-stack architecture with a FastAPI backend powered by Python and Qiskit for quantum circuit execution, and a React 19 frontend with TypeScript for interactive visualization.The BB84 protocol implementation supports configurable qubit counts, multiple measurement bases (Z, X, and Diagonal), Eve's intercept-resend attack simulation with adjustable interception rates, and Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) calculation with a security threshold of 8.5%.The E91 protocol implementation uses entangled Bell state pairs with configurable measurement angles, CHSH inequality violation testing for quantum security verification, and reverse gate anti-eavesdropping mechanisms.Additionally, the system includes an AES encryption module that uses quantum-generated keys from BB84 and E91 simulations to perform AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256 encryption, with privacy amplification for keys shorter than the required length.A simulation history system with SQLite and PostgreSQL support enables experiment tracking, comparison, and analysis.The project demonstrates the practical application of quantum mechanics principles to cryptographic security and serves as an educational tool for understanding the transition from classical to quantum-safe cryptography.
In recent years, quantum computing technologies have steadily matured and have begun to find practical applications across various domains. One important area is network communication security, where Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables communicating parties to establish a shared secret that can then be used to generate symmetric keys for subsequent encryption and decryption. This study focuses on implementing and comparing two well-known QKD protocols, namely BB84 and E91, within an actual quantum computing environment. It also proposes the use of SX gate operations to generate uniform quantum superposition states. By leveraging the properties of quantum superposition and quantum entanglement, the study illustrates how communicating parties can securely obtain a shared secret while preventing adversaries from intercepting it. The experiments are conducted using the IBM Quantum Platform to demonstrate the feasibility of the BB84 and E91 protocols on actual quantum hardware. The evaluation considers several metrics, including entropy, Independent and Identically Distributed (IID), and error-rate verifications.
By utilizing concepts from quantum physics like entanglement and superposition, quantum cryptography is revolutionizing data security. This study focuses on the application of classical computational models for simulation-based analysis of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols, namely BB84 and E91. By taking use of quantum features, QKD makes secure key exchange possible and guarantees that any effort at eavesdropping may be identified because of the disruption of quantum states. In order to assess how quantum communication channels behave under different noise and attack scenarios, the study models and simulates these channels. The study evaluates the efficacy and robustness of BB84 and E91 protocols in practical network settings by contrasting their performance and error tolerance. In order to determine if integrating quantum-secured systems with current classical infrastructures is feasible, scalability issues are also investigated. These simulations’ outcomes shed light on feasible security levels, resource needs, and workable deployment tactics. In the end, this research highlights how quantum cryptography may advance the basis for next-generation secure information networks by bridging the gap between theoretical quantum security models and real-world communication systems with the use of strong simulation frameworks.
Current communication systems predominantly operate using classical bits, with security mechanisms grounded in traditional cryptographic techniques. These conventional methods rely on the computational difficulty of discrete mathematical problems, which are expected to be vulnerable in the emerging quantum era. The advent of quantum computing poses a significant threat to existing cryptographic protocols, as quantum algorithms can potentially break schemes once considered computationally intractable. This scenario has accelerated interest in quantum cryptography, an advanced paradigm that leverages the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics to ensure secure data transmission. Quantum cryptography, and in particular Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), offers a robust alternative to classical key exchange methods. Unlike classical schemes, QKD’s security is rooted in the physical properties of quantum states, making it immune to computational advancements, including those offered by quantum computers. Among the various QKD protocols, the E91 protocol, based on quantum entanglement, demonstrates significant potential for enhancing communication security and resilience against cyber-attacks. This study investigates the role of quantum cryptography in safeguarding data transfer, with a specific focus on the E91 QKD protocol. It explores the operational principles, security advantages, and practical considerations of E91 in the context of evolving cybersecurity threats. By providing a detailed examination of E91’s implementation and performance, this research contributes novel insights into its feasibility as a cornerstone technology for building secure communication frameworks in the post-quantum era.