This report provides a comprehensive mapping of the global quantum technologies ecosystem, leveraging data on innovation, firms, investments, skills, trade flows, and policies to inform policymaking in a rapidly evolving field. Collaborating between the European Patent Office (EPO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), it analyzes trends in quantum computing, communication, and sensing, highlighting strong growth in patenting activity (particularly in quantum computing), the role of startups and established firms, investment patterns favoring U.S. entities, skills demand focused on research roles, increasing trade dependencies on key suppliers like China, and government strategies in over 30 countries emphasizing R&D support. Key insights underscore Europe's solid innovation base but lower investment attraction compared to the U.S., systemic vulnerabilities in supply chains, and the need for policies to shift toward commercialization and international collaboration. As quantum technologies approach maturity, the report advocates for coordinated efforts to harness their transformative potential in areas like cybersecurity, healthcare, and environmental monitoring while mitigating risks and ensuring equitable development. Mamun, SM (2025)…………………………………………………..1 Quantum Computing 2025: State of Play across Geopolitical, Security, and Economic Paradigms Also available on Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/attachments/125804167/download_file?s=portfolio
This report provides a comprehensive mapping of the global quantum technologies ecosystem, leveraging data on innovation, firms, investments, skills, trade flows, and policies to inform policymaking in a rapidly evolving field. Collaborating between the European Patent Office (EPO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), it analyzes trends in quantum computing, communication, and sensing, highlighting strong growth in patenting activity (particularly in quantum computing), the role of startups and established firms, investment patterns favoring U.S. entities, skills demand focused on research roles, increasing trade dependencies on key suppliers like China, and government strategies in over 30 countries emphasizing R&D support. Key insights underscore Europe's solid innovation base but lower investment attraction compared to the U.S., systemic vulnerabilities in supply chains, and the need for policies to shift toward commercialization and international collaboration. As quantum technologies approach maturity, the report advocates for coordinated efforts to harness their transformative potential in areas like cybersecurity, healthcare, and environmental monitoring while mitigating risks and ensuring equitable development. Mamun, SM (2025)…………………………………………………..1 Quantum Computing 2025: State of Play across Geopolitical, Security, and Economic Paradigms Also available on Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/attachments/125804167/download_file?s=portfolio
The global Quantum Information Science (QIS) ecosystem has reached a profound inflection point in 2026, transitioning aggressively from foundational research to industrial commercialization, geopolitical competition, and urgent security concerns. This report evaluates global quantum policy, focusing on the strategic architecture of the United States' National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act (NQIRA), which mandates a public-private hybrid model, shifts federal focus to commercial application, and integrates robust post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standards. This strategy is contrasted with the heavily centralized, state-led dominance of the People's Republic of China, the supranational infrastructure model of the European Union, and the procurement-driven commercialization framework of the United Kingdom. The central finding is the dramatic compression of the "Q-Day" timeline—the point at which cryptographically relevant quantum computers (CRQCs) break current public-key encryption. This acceleration is underpinned by the 2026 Oratomic breakthrough, which theoretically reduces the physical qubit requirement for executing Shor's algorithm from millions to as few as 10,000 using neutral-atom architectures. Also available on Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/attachments/132693672/download_file?s=portfolio
Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative computational paradigm with the potential to redefine problem-solving across scientific, industrial, and governmental domains. Europe has positioned itself as a key contributor to this technological evolution through coordinated research frameworks, infrastructure investments, and policy-driven initiatives. This paper presents an architecture-oriented study of quantum computing advancements in Europe, focusing on system-level design, technological integration, and strategic ecosystem development. By synthesizing existing literature, including foundational theories, hardware innovations, algorithmic developments, and policy frameworks, the study develops a structured understanding of European quantum architectures. The research further examines interoperability between quantum and classical systems, the role of quantum accelerators, and the integration of quantum communication infrastructures. A methodological framework is proposed to evaluate architectural maturity, scalability, and resilience. The findings reveal that Europe’s approach emphasizes modular architectures, hybrid quantum-classical systems, and secure communication networks, supported by institutional initiatives and collaborative research programs. However, challenges remain in scalability, error correction, and industrial adoption. The study contributes to the field by providing a comprehensive architectural perspective and identifying future research directions for optimizing quantum computing deployment within the European context.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing technology presents unprecedented opportunities and challenges for global governance. This comprehensive study examines the current landscape of international quantum computing regulation, exploring the delicate balance between fostering innovation and addressing security concerns. Through a mixed-methods approach, including policy analysis, expert interviews, and case studies of key countries and regions, we identify significant fragmentation in regulatory approaches, a pressing need for standardization, and ethical considerations that demand immediate attention. Our findings reveal strong stakeholder support for international cooperation, despite geopolitical tensions, and highlight the risk of a growing "quantum divide" between nations. Based on these insights, we propose a series of recommendations, including the establishment of an International Quantum Governance Forum, the adoption of a risk-based adaptive regulatory framework, and the implementation of a Global Quantum Literacy Initiative. This research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on quantum technology governance and provides a roadmap for policymakers, researchers, and industry leaders to navigate the complexities of regulating this transformative technology. By addressing these challenges proactively, we can harness the full potential of quantum computing while mitigating its risks, ultimately shaping a quantum future that benefits all of humanity.
K SC The convergence of quantum computing and artificial intelligence represents one of the most consequential technological developments of the twenty-first century. This fourth volume examines the distinct yet interconnected trajectories of quantum-AI integration in three leading powers: the United States, China, and Germany. Through comparative analysis of national strategies, research ecosystems, industrial policy, and geopolitical positioning, the paper identifies three distinct models of convergence: the market-driven, defence-oriented model of the United States; the state-directed, civil-military fusion model of China; and the collaborative, standards-focused, and ethically oriented model of Germany within the European Union framework. These models are not merely technical choices but reflect deeper differences in political economy, epistemic cultures, and visions of global order. The analysis concludes with reflections on the implications of this tri-polar dynamic for smaller and middle powers, including the Global South, and outlines principles for more inclusive and stable quantum-AI governance. Also available on Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/attachments/133209089/download_file?s=portfolio
Quantum computing represents a paradigm shift in computational capability with profound implications for global technological supremacy, economic competitiveness, and national security. This comprehensive survey synthesizes the current state of quantum computing development across major powers and introduces the Quantum Strategic Competitiveness Index (QSCI) as a novel analytical framework for quantifying national quantum capabilities. Through systematic analysis of publicly available data from government reports, research publications, and policy documents, we assess quantum competitiveness across five dimensions: investment intensity, research quality, innovation output, human capital, and implementation readiness. Our analysis reveals that China leads in absolute public investment (approximately $15 billion as reported by multiple sources [11,13]), while the United States maintains superiority in research quality (34% of top-cited papers [12]) and private sector engagement (44% of global funding [12]). The European Union demonstrates strong public-academic collaboration with over €11 billion committed [14, 15]. We provide rigorous mathematical foundations of quantum computing principles, analyze recent experimental achievements including Google's Willow processor achieving below-threshold error correction [4], and examine cryptographic vulnerabilities requiring immediate post-quantum migration. Economic impact analysis with uncertainty quantification projects quantum computing generating $950
Quantum communication technology is emerging as a transformative area in telecommunications, with the potential to revolutionize how data is transmitted, secured, and processed globally.The global quantum computing and communication market is expected to grow rapidly as major technology firms are contributing to the development of quantum communication hardware and software, signaling the commercial potential of such technology. This paper presents a comparative study of quantum communication across different regions (China, the United States, and the European Union). The result indicates distinct approaches, technological advancements, and strategic goals.