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Physica Scripta

Electromagnetically induced transparency in five-level configurations under Doppler broadening

Ai Nguyen Van, Quynh Anh Thi Nguyen, Quang Hai Ho, Le Quang Trung, Nguyen Huy Bang, Luong Thi Yen Nga, Khoa Xuan Dinh, Do Mai Trang, Le Nguyen Mai Anh, NGUYEN Thi Thu Hien, Le Van Doai, Le Van Doai

Published Sep 17, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in five-level atomic systems is theoretically investigated for three representative configurations: M-, inverted-Y, and K-type systems driven by a weak probe field and three control laser fields. The different coupling schemes produce different quantum interference pathways and two-photon resonance conditions, leading to markedly different EIT spectra. The M-type configuration exhibits one, two, and three well-resolved transparency windows as successive control fields are introduced. In contrast, the inverted-Y configuration produces broader transparency windows because of the overlap of multiple interference channels, whereas the K-type configuration exhibits only a single EIT window when all control fields are resonant. Multiple transparency windows in the K-type system appear after introducing appropriate coupling-field detunings. Doppler broadening at room temperature significantly broadens the absorption spectrum and reduces the transparency depth, while preserving the number and positions of the EIT windows. These results demonstrate that the coupling scheme plays an important role in determining the formation and evolution of multi-window EIT spectra and identify the characteristics of the three five-level configurations for multi-channel quantum-optical applications, as well as for the experimental observation of EIT spectra in five-level configurations.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/aea93c

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Abstract Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in five-level atomic systems is theoretically investigated for three representative configurations: M-, inverted-Y, and K-type systems driven by a weak probe field and three control laser fields. The different coupling schemes produce different quantum interference pathways and two-photon resonance conditions, leading to markedly different EIT spectra. The M-type configuration exhibits one, two, and three well-resolved transparency windows as successive control fields are introduced. In contrast, the inverted-Y configuration produces broader transparency windows because of the overlap of multiple interference channels, whereas the K-type configuration exhibits only a single EIT window when all control fields are resonant. Multiple transparency windows in the K-type system appear after introducing appropriate coupling-field detunings. Doppler broadening at room temperature significantly broadens the absorption spectrum and reduces the transparency depth, while preserving the number and positions of the EIT windows. These results demonstrate that the coupling scheme plays an important role in determining the formation and evolution of multi-window EIT spectra and identify the characteristics of the three five-level configurations for multi-channel quantum-optical applications, as well as for the experimental observation of EIT spectra in five-level configurations.
In this paper, we study the formation of two electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) windows in a four-level lambda atomic system with Doppler broadening. The depth and the width of the EIT windows are easily changed by adjusting the intensity of the controlling laser fields. Meanwhile, the position of the EIT windows is also easily shifted by changing the frequency of the laser fields. In particular, by turning on or off one of the two coupling laser fields, the probe field response can be switched between one or two EIT window regimes, i.e., it is possible to switch between absorption and transparency regimes, and vice versa. In addition, our analytical model also allows one to investigate the influence of temperature (or Doppler width) on EIT windows, which is necessary for experimental observations as well as related applications at room temperature.
Abstract Probe field propagation through a four-level Y-type system is studied analytically under steady state condition by using density matrix formulation. The probe field scans the intermediate state from the ground state whereas two other coherent radiation fields, namely the control field and the coupling field, are set to couple two different excited states from the intermediate energy level. Under Doppler free condition, simulated probe absorption shows single or twin EIT windows depending on whether the control and the coupling field are on-resonant or detuned. Under Doppler broadened condition, the residual Doppler averaging due to wavelength mismatch between the probe field and the control field as well as that between the probe field and the coupling field plays significant role in the formation of transparency window.
The absorption and dispersion properties of an N-type four-level system with Doppler(broadening) effect were investigated.In this system we considered two coherent fields and a probe field.When the second coherent field is absent,this system is a single three-level configuration,and the absorption line is just one clear electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) window.While the second coherent field exists,there are two EIT windows which become wide and deep with the(coherent) intensity increasing.The position width and absorbance of the transparency windows can be manipulated by adjusting the detuning of the driving field.In addition,we also found that the medium shows a large refractive index at each transparency window,and the group velocity of the probe laser can be reduced.
Abstract We develop an analytical approach on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a Doppler broadened medium consisting of five-level cascade systems excited by a strong coupling and weak probe laser fields. In a weak field limit of the probe light, EIT spectrum is interpreted as functions of controllable parameters of the coupling light and temperature of the medium. The theoretical interpretation of EIT spectrum is applied to the case of 85 Rb atoms and compared with available experimental observation. Such an analytical interpretation provides quantitative parameters to control properties of the Doppler broadened EIT medium, and it is useful to find related applications.
Abstract Coherent probe field (L A ) propagation through an eight-level inverted Y-type atomic system, in the presence of two additional coherent radiation fields termed the field L C (control or pump field) and the field L B (repump field), is investigated by using the parameters of 87 Rb 5 S 1 / 2 → 5 P 3 / 2 → 7 S 1 / 2 transitions. The system has two ground energy levels, four intermediate energy levels, and two uppermost energy levels. A theoretical model based on the density matrix method is used for numerical simulation of the probe response under different conditions. Simulated probe absorption spectra under a Doppler-free condition as well as under thermal averaging exhibit electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The position and line shape of this EIT profile change with different detunings of the control and repump fields. When the three coherent fields share a common level, a funnel-like EIT window appears in the simulated probe absorption curve. Velocity selective optically pumped absorption peaks are seen in the simulated probe response at room temperature.
In a Doppler-broadened ladder-type Rubidium atomic system [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text], three-photon electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) and transparency (EIT) in two schemes of two coupling lasers with different propagation directions are comprehensively studied. Two coupling fields are entangled tightly with each other and induce constructive interference such that we observe EIA as two coupling fields are counter-propagating. Two coupling fields are independent and cause destructive interference such that only enhanced EIT occurs when two coupling fields are co-propagating, although all of the Doppler-broadened atoms satisfy the condition for three-photon resonance. The experimental results are coincided with the numerically calculated spectra using the dressed perturbation method. The mechanisms of EIT and EIA could also be understood by the dressed-state pictures.