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Science

Deterministic generation and distribution of genuine multipartite entanglement in macroscopic acoustic resonators

Dian Tan, Guixu Xie, Libo Zhang, Yang Xu, Chilong Liu, Haolan Yuan, Zhihua Chen, Chang-Kang Hu, J. Q. You, Song Liu, Eric Lutz, Tobias J. Kippenberg, Dapeng Yu

Published Oct 15, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Generating complex multimode entanglement is a central goal of quantum information science. However, scalable creation of genuine multipartite entanglement is challenging as it requires excellent control and efficient state verification. We report the generation and transfer of genuine multimode entanglement across two multimode acoustic resonators. We prepare genuine multipartite entangled states involving two, four, and six modes across the resonators with respective fidelities of 0.912 ± 0.003, 0.790 ± 0.003, and 0.570 ± 0.001. We further demonstrate the transfer of two- and four-mode genuine entangled states between the resonators with fidelities of 0.785 ± 0.006 and 0.601 ± 0.006. This hardware-efficient and scalable architecture enables deterministic control and generation of complex multimode mechanical states. Our results push the boundary of quantum control in macroscopic mechanical systems, establishing a pathway toward large-scale mechanical quantum networks.

DOI
10.1126/science.aeh4273

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Generating complex multimode entanglement is a central goal of quantum information science. However, scalable creation of genuine multipartite entanglement is challenging as it requires excellent control and efficient state verification. We report the generation and transfer of genuine multimode entanglement across two multimode acoustic resonators. We prepare genuine multipartite entangled states involving two, four, and six modes across the resonators with respective fidelities of 0.912 ± 0.003, 0.790 ± 0.003, and 0.570 ± 0.001. We further demonstrate the transfer of two- and four-mode genuine entangled states between the resonators with fidelities of 0.785 ± 0.006 and 0.601 ± 0.006. This hardware-efficient and scalable architecture enables deterministic control and generation of complex multimode mechanical states. Our results push the boundary of quantum control in macroscopic mechanical systems, establishing a pathway toward large-scale mechanical quantum networks.
Multimode mechanical resonators offer a large set of densely packed, long-lived bosonic modes within a single compact device, making them attractive for quantum simulation, quantum information processing, and quantum-enhanced sensing. Many such applications rely on multipartite entanglement, yet deterministic mechanical entanglement has so far been largely limited to pairs of modes. Here we demonstrate the deterministic and programmable preparation of multipartite entangled states among the phonon modes of a high-overtone bulk acoustic wave resonator coupled to a superconducting transmon qubit. By sequentially applying optimal-control-engineered isometries between the qubit and successive modes, we generate matrix product states of bond dimension two, including WWW, Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ), and cluster states. We fully characterize these states via quantum state tomography and certify genuine multipartite entanglement among up to four modes. We further demonstrate correlated-noise sensing by exploiting the complementary decoherence responses of the stored WWW and GHZ states, isolating inter-mode phase correlations from local decoherence and placing quantitative bounds on collective dephasing. Our results establish a scalable approach to preparing multipartite entangled states in mechanical systems, with promising applications in multiparameter sensing and tests of quantum mechanics with massive objects.
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The generation of entanglement across different nodes in distributed quantum architectures plays a pivotal role for different applications. In particular, deterministic, robust, and fast protocols that prepare genuine multipartite entangled states are highly desirable. In this article, we propose a fractional quantum state transfer, in which the excitation of an emitter is partially transmitted through the quantum communication channel and then absorbed at a spatially separated node. This protocol is based on wavepacket shaping allowing for a fast deterministic generation of Bell states among two quantum registers and WWW states for a general setting of NNN qubits, either in a sequential or simultaneous fashion, depending on the topology of the network. By means of detailed numerical simulations, we show that genuine multipartite entangled states can be faithfully prepared within current experimental platforms and discuss the role of the main decoherence sources, qubit dephasing and relaxation, depending on the network topology.
Genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) is not only fundamentally interesting for the study of the quantum-to-classical transition, but also is essential for realizing universal quantum computing and quantum networks. Here, we investigate the multipartite entanglement (ME) dynamics in a linear chain of NLCN LCNLC resonators interacting optomechanically with a common thermal acoustic reservoir. By presenting the exact analytical solutions of the system evolution, we predict the periodic generation of non-Gaussian ME, including discrete and continuous variable entanglement. Interestingly, GME is obtained even though the system is in a heat bath. The mechanism relies on a special acoustic environment featuring a frequency comb structure. More importantly, our proposed model also allows for the periodic generation of entangled multipartite cat states, i.e., a typical Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state, with high fidelity. This work fundamentally broadens the fields of ME, and has wide applications in implementing thermal-noise-resistant quantum information processing and many-body quantum simulation.
A compact scheme for the preparation of macroscopic multipartite entanglement is proposed and analyzed. In this scheme, the vibrational modes of a mechanical resonator constitute continuous-variable (CV) subsystems that entangle with each other as a result of their interaction with a two-level system (TLS). By properly driving the TLS, we show that a selected set of modes can be activated and prepared in a multipartite entangled state. We first study the entanglement properties of a three-mode system by evaluating the genuine multipartite entanglement, and we investigate its usefulness as a quantum resource by computing the quantum Fisher information. Moreover, the robustness of the state against the qubit and thermal noises is studied, proving a long-lived entanglement. To examine the scalability and structural properties of the scheme, we derive an effective model for the multimode system through elimination of the TLS dynamics. This work provides a step toward a compact and versatile device for creating a multipartite noise-resilient entangled state in vibrational modes as a resource for CV quantum metrology, quantum communication, and quantum computation.
Entanglement represents "the" key resource for several applications of quantum information processing, ranging from quantum communications to distributed quantum computing. Despite its fundamental importance, deterministic generation of maximally entangled qubits represents an on-going open problem. Here, we design a novel generation scheme exhibiting two attractive features, namely, i) deterministically generating genuinely multipartite entangled states, ii) without requiring any direct interaction between the qubits. Indeed, the only necessary condition is the possibility of coherently controlling -- according to the indefinite causal order framework -- the causal order among some unitaries acting on the qubits. Through the paper, we analyze and derive the conditions on the unitaries for deterministic generation, and we provide examples for unitaries practical implementation. We conclude the paper by discussing the scalability of the proposed scheme to higher dimensional GME states and by introducing some possible applications of the proposal for quantum networks.