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arXiv:2408.01177

Deterministic multipartite entanglement via fractional state transfer across quantum networks

Guillermo F. Peñas, Juan José García‐Ripoll, Ricardo Puebla

Published Aug 2, 2024• 0 citations
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Abstract

The generation of entanglement across different nodes in distributed quantum architectures plays a pivotal role for different applications. In particular, deterministic, robust, and fast protocols that prepare genuine multipartite entangled states are highly desirable. In this article, we propose a fractional quantum state transfer, in which the excitation of an emitter is partially transmitted through the quantum communication channel and then absorbed at a spatially separated node. This protocol is based on wavepacket shaping allowing for a fast deterministic generation of Bell states among two quantum registers and $W$ states for a general setting of $N$ qubits, either in a sequential or simultaneous fashion, depending on the topology of the network. By means of detailed numerical simulations, we show that genuine multipartite entangled states can be faithfully prepared within current experimental platforms and discuss the role of the main decoherence sources, qubit dephasing and relaxation, depending on the network topology.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2408.01177

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The generation of entanglement across different nodes in distributed quantum architectures plays a pivotal role for different applications. In particular, deterministic, robust, and fast protocols that prepare genuine multipartite entangled states are highly desirable. In this article, we propose a fractional quantum state transfer, in which the excitation of an emitter is partially transmitted through the quantum communication channel and then absorbed at a spatially separated node. This protocol is based on wavepacket shaping allowing for a fast deterministic generation of Bell states among two quantum registers and WWW states for a general setting of NNN qubits, either in a sequential or simultaneous fashion, depending on the topology of the network. By means of detailed numerical simulations, we show that genuine multipartite entangled states can be faithfully prepared within current experimental platforms and discuss the role of the main decoherence sources, qubit dephasing and relaxation, depending on the network topology.
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We show theoretically and demonstrate experimentally that coherent absorption of a single photon in a quantum network allows deterministic generation of entanglement between the network’s nodes. Quantum networks, consisting of multiple nodes connected by quantum channels, are in the basis of quantum technology allowing protocols of quantum computation and quantum communication. To implement these protocols, quantum entanglement should be distributed across the network. A conventional approach of entanglement generation is realized by a sequential splitting of a single photon on a series of beamsplitters and independent coupling of each ‘part’ of the photon into the corresponding node of the network [1] , Fig. 1(a) . Efficient entanglement generation in a large scale quantum network is a challenging task as a highly efficient light-matter interaction in each node of the network is required: even in a network of 100 nodes the probability of successful entanglement generation would be around 10 −5 .
Scaling the number of entangled nodes in a quantum network is a challenge with significant implications for quantum computing, clock synchronisation, secure communications, and quantum sensing. In a quantum network, photons interact with matter qubits at different nodes, flexibly enabling the creation of remote entanglement between them. Multipartite entanglement among multiple nodes will be crucial for many proposed quantum network applications, including quantum computational tasks and quantum metrology. To date, experimental efforts have primarily focused on generating bipartite entanglement between nodes, which is widely regarded as the fundamental quantum resource for quantum networks. However, relying exclusively on bipartite entanglement to form more complex multipartite entanglement introduces several challenges. These include the need for ancillary qubits, extensive local entangling operations which increases the preparation latency, and increasingly stringent requirements on coherence times as the number of nodes grows. Here, we analyse various schemes that achieve multipartite entanglement between nodes in a single step, bypassing the need for multiple rounds of bipartite entanglement. We demonstrate that different schemes can produce distinct multipartite entangled states, with varying fidelity and generation rates. Additionally, we discuss the applicability of these schemes across different experimental platforms, highlighting their primary advantages and disadvantages.
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Entanglement generation and distribution is a core functionality of quantum networks. Traditional approaches to this functionality rely on chains of quantum repeaters or on manipulation of multipartite states. In this work, we explore an alternative paradigm that explores quantum coherence at propagation level, by enabling genuine quantum instantiations of communication channels, existing in superposed configurations. We demonstrate that this mechanism can be harnessed to generate both bipartite and multipartite entangled states from separable inputs. Specifically, we show that Bell states can be obtained from initially separable two-qubit states, through the superposition of two unitary quantum channels. The proposed approach is further extended to multipartite systems, by generating n-qubit GHZ and W states and thereby revealing the constructive role of superposed quantum operations in entanglement creation. Moreover, we analyze the robustness of the proposed scheme against noise, showing that the resulting states retain high fidelity and concurrence even under realistic imperfections. Our results suggest that, under appropriate quantum control, noisy superposed paths can be effectively harnessed to engineer entanglement generation and distribution in quantum networks.
Quantum entanglement is a significant quantum resource, which plays a central role in quantum communication. For realizing quantum information network, it is important to establish deterministic quantum entanglement among multiple spatial-separated quantum memories, and then the stored entanglement is transferred into the quantum channels for distributing and transmitting the quantum information at the user-control time. Firstly, we introduce the scheme of deterministic generation polarization squeezed state at 795 nm. A pair of quadrature amplitude squeezed optical fields are prepared by two degenerate optical parameter amplifiers pumped by a laser at 398 nm, and then the polarization squeezed state of light appears by combining the generated two quadrature amplitude squeezed optical beams on a polarizing beam splitter. Secondly, we present the experimental demonstration of tripartite polarization entanglement described by Stokes operators of optical field. The quadrature tripartite entangled states of light corresponding to the resonance with D1 line of rubidium atoms are transformed into the continuous-variable polarization entanglement via polarization beam splitter with three bright local optical beams. Finally, we propose the generation, storage and transfer of deterministic quantum entanglement among three spatially separated atomic ensembles. By the method of electromagnetically induced transparency light-matter interaction, the optical multiple entangled state is mapped into three distant atomic ensembles to build the entanglement among three atomic spin waves. Then, the quantum noise of entanglement stored in the atomic ensembles is transferred to the three space-seperated quadrature entangled light fields through three quantum channels. The existence of entanglement among the three released beams verifies that the system has the ability to maintain the multipartite entanglement. This protocol realizes the entanglement among three distant quantum nodes, and it can be extended to quantum network with more quantum nodes. All of these lay the foundation for realizing the large-scale quantum network communication in the future.