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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Distributed Coherent Absorption in Quantum Networks for Deterministic Entanglement Generation

Anton N. Vetlugin, Ruixiang Guo, Cesare Soci, Nikolay I. Zheludev

Published Jun 21, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We show theoretically and demonstrate experimentally that coherent absorption of a single photon in a quantum network allows deterministic generation of entanglement between the network’s nodes. Quantum networks, consisting of multiple nodes connected by quantum channels, are in the basis of quantum technology allowing protocols of quantum computation and quantum communication. To implement these protocols, quantum entanglement should be distributed across the network. A conventional approach of entanglement generation is realized by a sequential splitting of a single photon on a series of beamsplitters and independent coupling of each ‘part’ of the photon into the corresponding node of the network [1] , Fig. 1(a) . Efficient entanglement generation in a large scale quantum network is a challenging task as a highly efficient light-matter interaction in each node of the network is required: even in a network of 100 nodes the probability of successful entanglement generation would be around 10 −5 .

DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec52157.2021.9541610

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We show theoretically and demonstrate experimentally that coherent absorption of a single photon in a quantum network allows deterministic generation of entanglement between the network’s nodes. Quantum networks, consisting of multiple nodes connected by quantum channels, are in the basis of quantum technology allowing protocols of quantum computation and quantum communication. To implement these protocols, quantum entanglement should be distributed across the network. A conventional approach of entanglement generation is realized by a sequential splitting of a single photon on a series of beamsplitters and independent coupling of each ‘part’ of the photon into the corresponding node of the network [1] , Fig. 1(a) . Efficient entanglement generation in a large scale quantum network is a challenging task as a highly efficient light-matter interaction in each node of the network is required: even in a network of 100 nodes the probability of successful entanglement generation would be around 10 −5 .
Advanced quantum information protocols rely on the operation of multinodal quantum networks where entanglement is distributed across the nodes. Existing protocols of entanglement generation are probabilistic, with the efficiency dropping exponentially with the size of the system. We formulate an approach for the deterministic generation of entangled states of a multinodal quantum network of arbitrary size by coupling a single photon standing wave with the nodes of the network. We show experimentally how this can be implemented in a simple binodal system. Since this approach relies on collective excitation of the network---not on local interaction with individual nodes---it allows generation of entanglement with unitary efficiency, independent of the size and the nature of the network.
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Entanglement distributed over a set of individually addressable qubit nodes is the enabling resource for a plethora of applications ranging from tests of quantum physics to secure and modular quantum information networks. Entanglement between two memory qubits has been realized on various platforms, but extension to more nodes remains rare and formidably challenging. The principal bottleneck is the efficiency of the light-matter interfaces connecting the qubit nodes to their communication channels. Here, we efficiently generate, distribute and store a three-qubit entangled state across three independent laboratories containing single atoms coupled to optical resonators. We sequentially entangle the atoms pairwise, two by heralded photonic entanglement swapping and two by heralded state transfer. We reach a three-qubit entanglement fidelity of 77(1)% and an entanglement lifetime above 200us. The observed qubit correlations violate Mermin's inequality while closing the detection loophole. Our three-qubit entanglement-generation efficiency is 0.16%. This unprecedented efficiency of our scheme establishes a clear route towards multi-node quantum networks.
We propose a simple interaction protocol to be implemented on a scalable quantum network, in which the quantum nodes consist of qubit systems confined in cavities. The nodes are deterministically coupled by transmission and reflection of a single photon, which is disentangled from the qubits at the end of the coupling operation. This single photon can generate an entangling controlled-phase gate between any selected number of qubits in the network. Our multiqubit gate reaches a much higher fidelity compared to schemes concatenating one-qubit and two-qubit gates; thus it forms an efficient basis for universal quantum computing distributed over multiple processor units. In our analysis we consider atomic qubits coupled to optical photons, while the scheme can be readily generalized to other architectures, such as superconducting qubit nodes coupled by microwave photons.
Quantum repeaters are vital ingredients for realization of long-distance quantum networks [1]. They can be realized by preparing nodes that can generate an entangled light-matter state, namely, a single photon entangled to a quantum memory. This allows for entangling two distant quantum memories, by propagating the single photons from each node to an intermediate place for Bell state measurements. A common approach for generating such entangled light-matter states is generating an entangled photon pair in a nonlinear source, and coupling one of the photons in the pair to a quantum memory for storage [2]. However, such an approach faces two main challenges: Photon-pair generation in nonlinear sources is a probabilistic process. Moreover, due to modal and spectral mismatches, coupling single photons from a nonlinear source to a quantum memory is generally not an efficient process. These make the successful generation of an entangled light-matter state highly probabilistic.
The exchange of quantum information among nodes in a quantum network is one of the main challenges in modern technologies. Superconducting waveguide QED networks hold great potential for realizing distributed quantum computation, where distinct nodes communicate via itinerant single photons. Yet, different frequencies among the nodes restrict their applicability and limit scalability. Here we derive the controls required to shape single photons arbitrarily detuned with respect to their natural frequency, allowing thus for an on-demand and deterministic exchange of quantum information among frequency detuned nodes. We provide a theoretical framework, analyzing the properties of the controls for typical photon shapes, identifying operation regimes amenable for experimental realization. We then show how these controls enable frequency-selective quantum state transfer among non-resonant and distant nodes of a realistic network. In addition, we also provide a simple extension for remote entanglement generation between these nodes. The suitability and high-fidelity of these protocols is supported by numerical simulations, highlighting the novel networking possibilities unlocked when shaping frequency-tunable single photons.