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Physics Letters A

Interaction-free measurements with degrees of freedom of light

G. T. C. Cruz, J. A. O. Huguenin, W. F. Balthazar

Published Aug 20, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.physleta.2026.132095

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Quantum imaging, one of the pillars of quantum technologies, is well suited to study sensitive samples which require low-light conditions, like biological tissues. In this context, interaction-free measurements (IFM) allow us to infer the presence of an opaque object without the photon interacting with the sample. Current IFM schemes are designed for single-pixel objects, while real-life samples are structured, multipixel objects. Here we extend the IFM imaging schemes to multipixel, semitransparent objects, by encoding the information about the pixels into an internal degree of freedom, namely orbital angular momentum. This allows us to image the pixels in parallel. Our solution exhibits a better theoretical efficiency than the single-pixel case. Our scheme can be extended to other degrees of freedom, like the photon radial quantum number, in order to image one-dimensional (1D) and 2D objects.
Due to the infinite range of possibly achievable degrees of freedom, orbital angular momentum (OAM) can tremendously increase the capacity of communication system. Here, we propose a scheme to generate OAM entanglement by using interaction-free measurement (IFM). As the superposition state of the quantum absorption object is not changed after IFM, our scheme can be extended to multiparty easily. The numerical analysis results show that the fidelity of generated OAM entanglement can be arbitrarily close to unity. Besides, the implementation issues are also discussed to evaluate the feasibility in experiment. This OAM entanglement with multiple degrees of freedom will play a key role in distributed entanglement computing and efficient quantum communication.
In this work, firstly, we propose how to experimentally demonstrate the single photon steering phenomenon in a simple way. The quantum steering phenomenon was discovered by Erwin Schrodinger, who reason that the laws of quantum mechanics obliges us to admit that by suitable measurements taken on one of two entangled system, then the state of the other system can be determined and steered. On the other hand, the first proposal about the nonlocal property of a single photon focus on showing the Bell nonlocality by using the single-photon path entanglement. Here, we propose a new experimental scheme that, by incorporating and manipulating the internal degree of freedom (IDF) of the photon, easily demonstrate the nonlocal steering phenomenon of single-photon's states. The experimental set-up that we propose differs from those published in the quantum optics' literature to shown the single photon nonlocality, which generally use the path entanglement of photons and homodyne measurements. Secondly, by incorporating its IDF, we show that the single photon steering and the quantum mechanical interaction-free measurement (QM-IFM) are identical phenomena; we will argue that QM-IFM is just a particular instance of the single-photon steering. In short, both the single photon steering and QM-IFM (being identical phenomena) have a common cause: the nonlocality of the wave function. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that it is possible to produce a nonlocal phenomena by manipulating the single photon internal degree of freedom. On the other hand, this unification between steering and QM-IFM could establish a strong support to counterfactual quantum communication and computation.