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Advanced Electromagnetics

Cooperative Secure Transmission Against Eavesdropping Attacks with Probabilistic Encryption, Channel Coding and Interleaving

G. L. Song, G. G. Wei, R. S. Si, G. Y. Zhang

Published Aug 13, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Secure information transmission over IoT-based wireless sensor networks is critically influenced by the reliability of electromagnetic wave propagation and the resilience of physical-layer communications against passive eavesdropping. This paper investigates cooperative secure transmission in multi-hop and multi-relay wireless sensor networks by proposing a unified framework for intelligent eavesdropping scenarios. To effectively mitigate passive interception threats, a lightweight information-theoretic secure communication scheme is developed by modeling data processing as a communication channel and introducing a bit-level probabilistic encryption mechanism based on random bit flipping, thereby minimizing the mutual information between confidential messages and intercepted signals. Furthermore, channel coding and bit interleaving are incorporated to make brute-force recovery by eavesdroppers computationally impractical, particularly in high-speed wireless transmission environments, without requiring prior knowledge of the legitimate user’s complete channel state information. An LLR-based fuse-then-decode decision rule is derived, and a low-complexity suboptimal fusion strategy based on the Min-Sum Algorithm is proposed to balance decoding efficiency and communication reliability. Simulation results verify the theoretical analysis and demonstrate that the proposed framework provides robust and efficient secure transmission performance for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks while offering valuable guidance for physical-layer security and electromagnetic-aware wireless communication systems.

DOI
10.7716/aem.v15i3.3473

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Secure information transmission over IoT-based wireless sensor networks is critically influenced by the reliability of electromagnetic wave propagation and the resilience of physical-layer communications against passive eavesdropping. This paper investigates cooperative secure transmission in multi-hop and multi-relay wireless sensor networks by proposing a unified framework for intelligent eavesdropping scenarios. To effectively mitigate passive interception threats, a lightweight information-theoretic secure communication scheme is developed by modeling data processing as a communication channel and introducing a bit-level probabilistic encryption mechanism based on random bit flipping, thereby minimizing the mutual information between confidential messages and intercepted signals. Furthermore, channel coding and bit interleaving are incorporated to make brute-force recovery by eavesdroppers computationally impractical, particularly in high-speed wireless transmission environments, without requiring prior knowledge of the legitimate user’s complete channel state information. An LLR-based fuse-then-decode decision rule is derived, and a low-complexity suboptimal fusion strategy based on the Min-Sum Algorithm is proposed to balance decoding efficiency and communication reliability. Simulation results verify the theoretical analysis and demonstrate that the proposed framework provides robust and efficient secure transmission performance for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks while offering valuable guidance for physical-layer security and electromagnetic-aware wireless communication systems.
Security functionality handled by higher layers of OSI model is a costly affair due to key management and complex mathematical encryption-decryption mechanisms in the scalable networks like wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSN consists of resource constrained tiny sensor nodes for which battery is their lifetime. Physical layer security is the cost effective solution for such adhoc networks. The cooperative diversity mechanism makes use of the benefits of wireless sensor network scalability in terms of cooperative resource sharing in which multiple diversity channels are created which results into improved wireless connectivity. Cooperative jamming principle is used where the source transmits the encoded signal and at the same time relay transmits the weighted jamming signal to increase the equivocation of the eavesdropper. This work proposes a novel cooperative jamming mechanism for scalable networks like Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) which makes use of friendly interference to confuse the eavesdropper and increase its uncertainty about the source message. Channel fading is exploited to achieve perfect secrecy. The full communication link is built with the help of Information theoretic source and channel coding mechanisms. The whole idea is to make use of normally inactive relay nodes in the selective Decode and Forward cooperative communication and make them work as cooperative jamming sources to increase the equivocation of the eavesdropper. In this work, eavesdropper’s channel’s equivocation is compared with the main channel in terms of mutual information and secrecy capacity.
Wireless communication networks are widely deployed today and the networks are used in many applications which require that the data transmitted be secure. Due to the open nature of wireless systems, it is important to have a fundamental understanding of coding schemes that allow for simultaneously secure and reliable transmission. The information theoretic approach is able to give us this fundamental insight into the nature of the coding schemes required for security. The security issue is approached by focusing on the confidentiality of message transmission and reception at the physical layer. The goal is to design coding and signal processing schemes that provide security, in the information theoretic sense. In so doing, we are able to prove the simultaneously secure and reliable transmission rates for different network building blocks. The multi-receiver broadcast channel is an important network building block, where the rate region for the channel without security constraints is still unknown. In the thesis this channel is investigated with security constraints, and the secure and reliable rates are derived for the proposed coding scheme using a random coding argument. Cooperative relaying is next applied to the wiretap channel, the fundamental physical layer model for the communication security problem, and signal processing techniques are used to show that the secure rate can be improved in situations where the secure rate was small due to the eavesdropper enjoying a more favorable channel condition compared to the legitimate receiver. Finally, structured lattice codes are used in the wiretap channel instead of unstructured random codes, used in the vast majority of the work so far. We show that lattice coding and decoding can achieve the secrecy rate of the Gaussian wiretap channel; this is an important step towards realizing practical, explicit codes for the wiretap channel.
With a massive amount of wireless sensor nodes in Internet of Things (IoT), it is difficult to establish key distribution and management mechanism for traditional encryption technology. Alternatively, the physical layer key generation technology is promising to implement in IoT, since it is based on the principle of information-theoretical security and has the advantage of low complexity. Most existing key generation schemes assume that eavesdropping channels are independent of legitimate channels, which may not be practical especially when eavesdropper nodes are near to legitimate nodes. However, this paper investigates key generation problems for a multi-relay wireless network in IoT, where the correlation between eavesdropping and legitimate channels are considered. Key generation schemes are proposed for both non-colluding and partially colluding eavesdroppers situations. The main idea is to divide the key agreement process into three phases: 1) we first generate a secret key by exploiting the difference between the random channels associated with each relay node and the eavesdropping channels; 2) another key is generated by integrating the residual common randomness associated with each relay pair; 3) the two keys generated in the first two phases are concatenated into the final key. The secrecy key performance of the proposed key generation schemes is also derived with closed-forms.
In this paper, we investigate physical layer network coding (PNC) and destination assisted cooperative jamming (DACJ) for physical layer security in wireless sensor networks, in which there is one source, one destination, a cluster of intermediate nodes, and multiple eavesdroppers. Under the PNC protocol, the considered two-hop wireless sensor network implements a complete transmission process in two phases. In the first phase, through sending a jamming signal from the destination and exploiting the PNC at the relay, the relay decodes the exclusive-OR (XOR) performed form of the source and the jamming message. Therefore, the jamming signal can degrade the wire-tap channels without hampering the legitimate channel. In the second phase, the relay transmits the re-encoded message to the destination while eavesdroppers are out of work as they cannot extract information from the signal. Thus, the proposed design can significantly improve the performance of secure wireless communications. Meanwhile, the proposed schemes select one optimal node from the intermediate nodes and give an optimal solution of power allocation to maximize secrecy capacity. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed schemes have a better and more stable secrecy performance than the conventional schemes at the same power consumption.
Channel-aware encryption is investigated as a physical layer security technique in internet of things (IoT) scenarios. Clustering algorithms for grouping sensor nodes into cooperative clusters are proposed, with the purpose of decreasing energy consumption and reducing the transmission time of sensor data. Bit flipping is implemented with the clustering method in order to "encrypt" the transmitted data based on channel state information. The simulation results validate the performance of the proposed approach in terms of reducing energy consumption, reducing transmission time, and of confusing the eavesdropper from guessing the correct transmissions of sensor nodes.
Because of the openness of the wireless relay channel, the confidential information transmitted in the channel is very easy to be eavesdropped on by malicious eavesdroppers and cause information leakage. In specifically, a friendly jammer will transmit a jamming signal to confound an eavesdropper attempting to listen in on a relay transmission. For wireless relay networks using the Rayleigh fading channel model, this research proposes a physical layer security technique based on cooperative interference. In the system, we design two-time stages to realize the transmission of the source to the user. During the initial phase, the signal source transmits a composite signal to both the user and the relay. In the second phase, the confidential information is relayed and artificial noise is generated by friendly jammers to confuse eavesdroppers. Through our proposed method, we derive precise analytical expressions for the intercept probability (IP) and outage probability (OP). The correctness of the theoretical derivation is verified by numerical results and theoretical simulation.